The interface is a crucial element in component-based software, enabling the linkage of distinct components to facilitate interaction. Defects within the interface can significantly impact the overall trustworthiness of the system. Therefore, it is essential to assess the interface trustworthiness based on a defect-centric approach. This paper introduces a novel model for evaluating interface trustworthiness, anchored in defect analysis. First, the defect types are formalized based on interface specifications. Then, the comprehensive weight allocation method is established to characterize the importance degree of each interface defect type by combining the G1 and CRITIC methods. Subsequently, the attributes of the interface are evaluated by defect value analysis, and the trustworthiness measurement model of the interface is proposed based on these attributes. Furthermore, to evaluate the trustworthiness of the whole system, the trustworthiness measure models under different combination structure of components are established. Finally, the model’s’ applicability is demonstrated through an illustrative example. This trustworthiness evaluation from the interface view can guide interface designers to obtain high-quality interfaces and improve the trustworthiness of the entire software.

Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) are widely used in all areas of life. Ensuring the correctness of CPS remains an enduring challenge during its development and design phases. One approach to ascertain the correctness of CPS is behavior equivalence based on bisimulation. However, whether the implementation development process develops in the right direction has an important impact on obtaining the correct system implementation. Especially, the development process of complex CPS often yields a multitude of implementation versions, the correlation among these versions partly signifies the correctness of the development process. This paper formalizes the relationship between the implementation versions and establishes a formal description of the development process progressing in the correct direction, leveraging the concept of a “limit idea.” Initially, we introduce the concept of “limit bisimulation” for CPS systems to delineate implementations acquired during the CPS development process. Specific limit bisimulations are demonstrated to represent distinct scenarios within the development process. Subsequently, the convergence mechanism of implementations is modeled through bisimulation limits, encapsulating the CPS’s specification as the ultimate goal of obtained implementations during the development process. Finally, the congruence property of the bisimulation limit is proved, which accounts for the relation between specification and implementation versions can be decomposed into a refinement hierarchy. The limit theorem of bisimulation in CPS can help the designer and developer of CPS to comprehend the development course better.

During the process of software development, a significant challenge revolves around accurately estimating the associated costs. The primary goal of project managers is to ensure the delivery of a highly trustworthiness product that aligns with the designated budgetary constraints. Nonetheless, the trustworthiness of software hinges upon a range of distinct attributes. When implementing a budget allocation scheme to enhance these attributes, conflicts among them may arise. Thus, it becomes imperative to select an appropriate allocation scheme that effectively mitigates conflict-associated costs. In this paper, we will define the conflict costs and establish costs estimation models. The difficulty coefficient constraint for improving attributes is established. Subsequently, we will analyze the relative importance weights of these attributes. Drawing upon the conflict costs, importance weights, and difficulty coefficient constraint, we present an algorithm to determine an appropriate budget allocation scheme, which can minimize conflict-associated costs. Finally, we provide an illustrative example that demonstrates the practicability of our proposed algorithm. This research offers valuable insights to software managers, aiding them in the reasonable allocation of budgetary resources, thereby maximizing overall benefits.

In this paper, a new bilevel model with multiple decision-makers is proposed for a project scheduling problem (PSP) which considers the interests of both the project owner and contractor. In this model, the project owner is considered to be the leader and the contractor, the follower. The project owner has two objectives: 1) to maximize profit and 2) minimize makespan, while the contractor's objective is to minimize cost only. A fuzzy random simulation-based bilevel global-local-neighbor particle swarm optimization technique is proposed to solve the multiple decision-maker PSP (MDPSP). A case study based on the Wanjiakouzi Hydropower Station is used to demonstrate an application of the developed model and illustrate the scope of the MDPSP.

In this paper, we focus on the infinite evolution of the parameterized bisimulation in order to discuss the dynamic characterization of programs. We propose parameterized limit bisimulation and parameterized bisimulation limit which are useful for understanding and analyzing of infinite evolution of concurrent programs. Some special parameterized limit bisimulations are introduced and some topological properties are proved.