There are so many IP-based mobility management schemes proposed and standardized but mobility management is still a bigger challenge today. The notion of Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) has been standardized as a macro-mobility management protocol. Hierarchical Mobility Management scheme for MIPv4 networks (HMIPv4), Dynamic Hierarchical Mobile IP (DHMIP) have been suggested as micro-mobility management protocols. A network-assisted protocol called Proxy MIPv4 (PMIPv4) has been proposed to reduce the wireless overhead of mobile users (MUs) induced by location registration. But none of these schemes consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. In urban cities, many MUs have a fixed mobility pattern on a daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in registration cost and packet delivery cost. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical mobility anchoring point (HMAP) for IPv4 networks. The proposed scheme has reduced the location update cost and the packet delivery cost when compared with the existing MIPv4, DHMIP, HMIPv4 and PMIPv4 schemes.

An axiomatic characterization of the directed divergence based on a weak condition of cyclic symmetry is given.>