Physical register access time increases the delay between scheduling and execution in modern out-of-order processors. As the number of physical registers increases, this delay grows, forcing designers to employ register files with multicycle access. This paper advocates more efficient utilization of a fewer number of physical registers in order to reduce the access time of the physical register file. Register values with few significant bits are stored in the rename map using physical register inlining, a scheme analogous to inlining of operand fields in data structures. Specifically, whenever a register value can be expressed with fewer bits than the register map would need to specify a physical register number, the value is stored directly in the map, avoiding the indirection, and saving space in the physical register file. Not surprisingly, we find that a significant portion of all register operands can be stored in the map in this fashion, and describe straightforward microarchitectural extensions that correctly implement physical register inlining. We find that physical register inlining performs well, particularly in processors that are register-constrained.

Conventional microprocessor designs treat register operands as atomic units. In such designs, no portion of an operand may be consumed until the entire operand has been produced. In practice, logic circuits and arithmetic units that generate some portion of an operand in advance of the remaining portions are both feasible and desirable, and have been employed in several existing designs. We examine existing and new approaches for exploiting early partial knowledge of an instruction's input operands for overlapping the execution of dependent instructions and resolving unknown dependences. In particular, we study three applications of partial operand knowledge: disambiguating loads from earlier stores, performing partial tag matching in set-associative caches, and resolving mispredicted conditional branches. We find that each of these is feasible with partial input operands. With the goal of fully exploiting this characteristic, we propose and evaluate a bit-sliced microarchitecture that decomposes a processor's datapath into 16- and 8-bit slices. We find that a bit-slice design using two 16-bit slices achieves IPC within 1% of an ideal design and attains a 16% speed-up over a conventional pipelined design not using partial operands