Although the world’s oceans play a critical role in human well-being, they have not been a primary focus of the sustainable HCI (SHCI) community to date. In this paper, we present a scoping review to show how concerns with the oceans are threaded throughout the broader SHCI literature and to find new research opportunities. We identify several themes that could benefit from focused SHCI research, including marine food sources, culture and coastal communities, ocean conservation, and marine climate change impacts and adaptation strategies. Finally, we discuss opportunities for further work on marine human-natural systems research in SHCI and interdisciplinary collaboration with marine science and coastal communities.

Individuals with multiple chronic health conditions (MCC) often face an overwhelming set of self-management work, resulting in a need to set care priorities. Yet, much self-management work is invisible to healthcare providers. This study aimed to understand how to support the development and sharing of connections between personal values and self-management tasks through the facilitated use of an interactive visualization system: Conversation Canvas. We conducted a field study with 13 participants with MCC, 3 caregivers, and 7 primary care providers in Washington State. Analysis of interviews with MCC participants showed that developing visualizations of connections between personal values, self-management tasks, and health conditions helped individuals make sense of connections relevant to their health and wellbeing, recognize a road map of central issues and their impacts, feel respected and understood, share priorities with providers, and support value-aligned changes. These findings demonstrated potential for the guided process and visualization to support priorities-aligned care.

Interactive software offers the potential to improve the quality of mental health care by promoting skill development, clinical insight, and shared reflection among mental health professionals. However, research on therapists' usage of interactive software has been primarily based in training and mock-clinical settings. In this paper, we present a qualitative study of clinicians' experience using CORE-MI, a collaborative recording and annotation software, in a real-world university counseling center. We describe how and why therapists, both trainees and licensed staff, used CORE-MI to support their practice and improve their skills. We also consider how usage varied with therapists' developmental level and how the software impacted relationships between supervisors and supervisees. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research and design of interactive systems in mental health settings.

Conversational interfaces have risen in popularity as businesses and users adopt a range of conversational agents, including chatbots and voice assistants. Although guidelines have been proposed, there is not yet an established set of usability heuristics to guide and evaluate conversational agent design. In this paper, we propose a set of heuristics for conversational agents adapted from Nielsen’s heuristics and based on expert feedback. We then validate the heuristics through two rounds of evaluations conducted by participants on two conversational agents, one chatbot and one voice-based personal assistant. We find that, when using our heuristics to evaluate both interfaces, evaluators were able to identify more usability issues than when using Nielsen’s heuristics. We propose that our heuristics successfully identify issues related to dialogue content, interaction design, help and guidance, human-like characteristics, and data privacy.

People with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) need support to identify and articulate how their personal values relate to their health. We drew on previous research involving people with MCC to develop three prototypes for supporting reflection on relationships between values and health. We tested these prototypes in a qualitative study involving 12 people with MCC. We identified benefits and limitations to building on patients' existing visit-preparation practices; revealed varying levels of comfort with deep, exploratory reflection involving a facilitator; and found that reflection oriented toward the future could elicit hopeful attitudes and plans for change, while reflection on the past elicited strong resistance. We discuss these findings in relation to previous literature on designing for reflection in three areas: shifting between self-guided and facilitator-guided reflection, balancing between outcome-oriented and exploratory reflection, and exploring temporality in reflection.

This paper considers the potential for participants to experience psychotherapeutic effects through their involvement in design research. Drawing on literature in human-computer interaction, psychotherapy, and feminist sociology, I argue that vulnerable participants may experience qualitative interviews therapeutically when they engage in reflexive activity about sensitive topics with researchers who employ psychotherapeutic techniques that encourage disclosure and reflection. I discuss ethical concerns and suggest the need for trauma-informed research practices, updated consent procedures, and revised pedagogy that better support researchers and participants engaged in emotionally charged encounters.

People with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) often disagree with healthcare providers on priorities for care, leading to worse health outcomes. To align priorities, there is a need to support patient-provider communication about what patients consider important for their well-being and health (i.e., their personal values). To address barriers to communication about values, we conducted a two-part study with key stakeholders in MCC care: patients, informal caregivers, and providers. In Part I, co-design activities generated seven dimensions that characterize stakeholders' diverse ideas for supporting communication about values: explicitness, effort, disclosure, guidance, intimacy, scale, and synchrony. In Part II, we used the dimensions to generate three design concepts and presented them in focus groups to further scrutinize findings from Part I. Based on these findings we outline directions for research and design to improve patient-provider communication about patients' personal values.

Individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) experience the overwhelming burden of treating MCC and frequently disagree with their providers on priorities for care. Aligning self-care with patients' values may improve healthcare for these patients. However, patients' values are not routinely discussed in clinical conversations and patients may not actively share this information with providers. In a qualitative field study, we interviewed 15 patients in their homes to investigate techniques that encourage patients to articulate values, self-care, and how they relate. Study activities facilitated self-reflection on values and self-care and produced varying responses, including: raising consciousness, evolving perspectives, identifying misalignments, and considering changes. We discuss how our findings extend prior work on supporting reflection in HCI and inform the design of tools for improving care for people with MCC.

We present CORE-MI, an automated evaluation and assessment system that provides feedback to mental health counselors on the quality of their care. CORE-MI is the first system of its kind for psychotherapy, and an early example of applied machine-learning in a human service context. In this paper, we describe the CORE-MI system and report on a qualitative evaluation with 21 counselors and trainees. We discuss the applicability of CORE-MI to clinical practice and explore user perceptions of surveillance, workplace misuse, and notions of objectivity, and system reliability that may apply to automated evaluation systems generally.

Eliciting, understanding, and honoring patients' values- the things most important to them in daily life-is a cornerstone of patient-centered care. However, this rarely occurs explicitly as a routine part of clinical practice. This is particularly problematic for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) because they face difficult choices about how to balance competing demands for self-care in accordance with their values. In this study, we sought to inform the design of interventions to support conversations about patient values between patients with MCC and their health care providers. We conducted a field study that included observations of 21 clinic visits for patients who have MCC, and interviews with 16 care team members involved in those visits. This paper contributes a practice-based account of ways in which providers engage with patient values, and discusses how future work in interactive systems design might extend and enrich these engagements.

We describe the design of an automated assessment and training tool for psychotherapists to illustrate challenges with creating interactive machine learning (ML) systems, particularly in contexts where human life, livelihood, and wellbeing are at stake. We explore how existing theories of interaction design and machine learning apply to the psychotherapy context, and identify "contestability" as a new principle for designing systems that evaluate human behavior. Finally, we offer several strategies for making ML systems more accountable to human actors.

Individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) collaborate with spousal caregivers daily to pursue what is most important to their health and well-being. Previous research in human-computer interaction has supported individuals with chronic conditions or their caregivers, but little has supported both as a unit. We conducted a field study with 12 patient-caregiver dyads, all married and living together, to identify partners' values and how they shape collaborative management of MCC. Partners' coinciding values motivated them to empathize with and support each other in the face of challenges related to health and well-being. When their values were asymmetric, they perceived tensions between individual autonomy and their ability to coordinate with their partner. These findings illustrate the rich design context of managing MCC in spousal relationships. Systems to support partners in this context could help them overcome asymmetric values, but they should balance this with support for individual autonomy.

When patients' decisions about health care priorities conflict with those of their health care providers, patients' health outcomes suffer. Patients' values for health and well-being influence their healthcare priorities, but recent work suggests that the values discussed in clinical settings do not reflect the full breadth of patients' values. To address an evidence gap regarding how discussions about values occur in clinical settings, we conducted a field study with patients with multiple chronic conditions and their health care providers, including clinical observations, interviews, and home visits. We report on the extent to which certain categories of patients' values identified in prior research were discussed in clinic visits. We then discuss how patients and providers coordinated their perspectives to establish connections among patients' values and health concerns. These findings have implications for the design of systems to support patient-provider communication to incorporate patients' values and promote concordant priorities for health care.

This paper presents a qualitative study of food-related practices among 16 childcare providers in the Puget Sound, and suggests opportunities for design intervention to promote healthy eating by young children. This paper makes two contributions to interactive systems design. We present childcare as an underexplored site for future research and design. We also describe social ecology systems theory, an approach to qualitative research from the public health field that is relatively uncommon in design research. We believe that the socio-ecological perspective is particularly applicable to design research that addresses human service provisioning, and may also prove useful in describing human cognition and designing interactive systems more generally.

To improve care for the growing number of older adults with multiple chronic conditions, physicians and other healthcare providers need to better understand what is most important in the lives of these patients. In a qualitative study of home visits with patients and family caregivers, we found that patients withhold information from providers when communicating about what they deem important to their health and well-being. We examine the various motivations and factors that explain communication boundaries between patients and their healthcare providers. Patients' disclosures reflected perceptions of what was pertinent to share, assumptions about the consequences of sharing, and the influence of interpersonal relationships with providers. Our findings revealed limitations of existing approaches to support patient-provider communication and identified challenges for the design of systems that honor patient needs and preferences.

The term 'critical design' is on the upswing in HCI. We analyze how discourses around 'critical design' are diverging in Design and HCI. We argue that this divergence undermines HCI's ability to learn from and appropriate the design approaches signaled by this term. Instead, we articulate two ways to broaden and deepen connections between Design and HCI: (1) develop a broader collective understanding of what these design approaches can be, without forcing them to be about 'criticality' or 'critical design,' narrowly construed; and (2) shape a variation of design criticism to better meet Design practices, terms, and ways of knowing.

We present design research on personal public displays: mobile and wearable displays that direct user designated content towards other collocated individuals. We built display software that projects text and image on the outer facing side of a two-screen laptop and used this prototype as a design probe with three different groups: (1) attendees at a 300-person conference, (2) eight office workers, and (3)twenty design students. We analyze how users crafted content for the displays, identifying that in close-knit groups, the social pressure to appear witty with text postsled to a preference for using images. The mobility afforded by the display allowed users to explore new relationships between physical location and digital content, and we also discuss how by standers observed the displays and re-purposed the messages for use with other outsiders. We conclude with a discussion of potential applications for future design and research work.

Social computing provides a new way for citizens to engage with their public service. Our research investigates how social computing might support citizens co-design their transit service. We conducted a field study with public transit riders, exploring the issues and controversies that reveal conflicting communities. Our analyses revealed three insights. First, encourage citizens to share what they see as the rationale for current service offerings. Second, encourage citizens to share the consequences of current services and of proposed changes and new designs. Third, focus on producing a shared citizen and service provider understanding of what the goals and mission of the public service should be.

The design space for intimate partners has largely been populated with technologies that support distant partners via abstracted presence. We seek to expand the design space to include a wider range of potential users and designs. To this end, we present findings from qualitative interviews with Family Studies experts in the form of a stage-based model of couple connection---Re-pattern, Reflect, Re-story, Reconnect. From this analysis, we identify two new regions in the couples design space, local partners and deep interpersonal sharing. Finally, we share the design of a technology that sits at the intersection of these regions. These findings present new opportunities for designers of intimate collaborative technologies.

Over the past decade, a diverse community of biologists, artists, engineers and hobbyists has emerged to pursue biology projects outside of traditional laboratories. Though still in its nascent form, this DIYbio (Do It Yourself Biology) movement has given rise to a host of technical innovations and sharing mechanisms that enable hobbyists to experiment with organic materials. As these developments continue to expand science practice beyond professional settings and into hackspaces, art studios and private homes, HCI research is presented with a range of new opportunities and concerns.

There has been growing interest in recent years in computer games that not only entertain, but also address pressing social issues. In this paper, we introduce "civic games" as a class of socially-engaged games whose intent is to involve citizens in public affairs and democratic processes. We present several underlying principles that characterize civic games, and show how they inform design the design of Water Wars, a new civic game about water scarcity and environmental policy.

Speakeasy is an integrated web and telephone service that connects immigrants with multilingual volunteers who answer questions, give advice, and provide language interpretation. This system has been designed to improve access to social services and to promote community development and civic engagement in Boston's Chinatown neighborhood. This paper presents an overview of the Speakeasy system, a discussion of the design process that lead to its creation, and consideration of how interactive systems can contribute to ongoing community development efforts. The use of mobile telephones to create new forms of civic engagement is also discussed.