Due to the growing interconnectedness and complexity of in-vehicle networks, in addition to safety, security is becoming an increasingly important topic in the automotive domain. In this paper, we study techniques for detecting security infringements in automotive electrical and electronic (E/E) architectures. Toward this we propose in-vehicle network traffic monitoring to detect increased transmission rates of manipulated message streams. Attacks causing timing violations can disrupt safety-critical functions and have severe consequences. To reduce costs and prevent single points of failure, our approach enables an automatic distribution of detection tasks among selected E/E architecture components, such as a subset of electronic control units. First, we analyze a concrete E/E system architecture to determine the communication parameters and properties necessary for detecting security attacks. These are then used for a parametrization of the corresponding detection algorithms and the distribution of attack detection tasks. We use a lightweight message monitoring method and optimize the placement of detection tasks to ensure a full-coverage of the E/E system architecture and a timely detection of an attack.

Car manufacturers provide a growing variety of models and configuration options for customers. In the highly competitive and cost-driven automotive industry, managing these variants and increasing the reuse of functionality in different variants has therefore become one of the key challenges. This paper addresses the problem of generating variant schedules for time-triggered electrical/electronic-architectures. We propose a multischedule synthesis approach that determines the common parts of multiple variants and generates a schedule that exploits this commonality. Hence, a multischedule defines individual variant schedules with an identical schedule for applications common to different variants. This makes these applications variant-independent, thus, reduces the testing and integration efforts as it only has to be done once. Multischedule synthesis involves several challenges, viz., identification of commonality between different variants, schedule synthesis for common parts, and the integration of uncommon parts. Consequently, the schedule synthesis approach presented here is very different from conventional approaches. Finally, to address the increased complexity, we also propose a divide-and-conquer approach to partition the problem, improving the scalability.

This paper presents a novel approach to detect resources in distributed systems with an increased occurrence of intermittent faults that exceed the amount of unavoidable transient faults caused by environmental phenomena. Intermittent faults occur due to stressed resources and often are a precursor of permanent faults. The proposed early fault detection and diagnosis allows the use of precautionary measures before the permanent failure of a component in a distributed system occurs. In this paper, we present four methods that can implicitly detect intermittent faults by taking the distributed applications and their dependencies into account. Thus, explicit tests are not required which would lead to additional costs and resource load. On the other hand, the implicit approach may considerably reduce the number of plausibility tests compared to the conservative solution with one test per resource. We analyzed and evaluated implementations of the proposed fault detection principle. The experimental results give evidence of the feasibility of our approach and show a comparison of the implemented methods in terms of runtime and detection rate.

Automotive Electrical/Electronic (E/E)-architectures consist of various components which are generally developed independently. Due to the increasing size and complexity, component integration is highly challenging and already slight modifications to components or subsystems often require expensive re-testing and re-validation. As a remedy, we propose a framework for modular architectures based on a data-centric description and a fully time-triggered scheduling. This modular design approach is enabled by a novel methodology for schedule integration where local schedules are defined independently for subsystems before being integrated into a global schedule. This divide-and-conquer approach significantly reduces the integration complexity while the system becomes highly composable. Our experimental results give evidence of the efficiency and versatility of the proposed approach, using networks based on a time-triggered automotive Ethernet.

This paper gives an overview of the system architecture and software design challenges for Electric Vehicles (EVs). First, we introduce the EV-specific components and their control, considering the battery, electric motor, and electric powertrain. Moreover, technologies that will help to advance safety and energy efficiency of EVs such as drive-by-wire and information systems are discussed. Regarding the system architecture, we present challenges in the domain of communication and computation platforms. A paradigm shift towards time-triggered in-vehicle communication systems becomes inevitable for the sake of determinism, making the introduction of new bus systems and protocols necessary. At the same time, novel computational devices promise high processing power at low cost which will make a reduction in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) possible. As a result, the software design has to be performed in a holistic manner, considering the controlled component while transparently abstracting the underlying hardware architecture. For this purpose, we show how middleware and verification techniques can help to reduce the design and test complexity. At the same time, with the growing connectivity of EVs, security has to become a major design objective, considering possible threats and a security-aware design as discussed in this paper.

Electric vehicles are emerging as a solution to environmental changes and transportation challenges in growing mega-cities. Compared to combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles bring along new challenges in the CPS design. This paper gives an overview of several of these challenges and presents initial and potential solutions for the design of the electric powertrain and E/E architectures for electric vehicles. The powertrain consists of multiple complex CPS such as the battery, the electric motor, and a distributed energy management system. These components require a complex monitoring and control in order to guarantee safety and maintain a high efficiency. For this purpose, novel E/E architectures become necessary that facilitate a predictable distributed computation and communication, requiring a paradigm shift towards fully time-triggered systems. These E/E architectures will also enable novel CPS such as innovative driver assistance systems, x-by-wire control to further increase the safety and energy-efficiency of electric vehicles, and a pervasive interaction of the vehicle and the grid. Instead of focusing on the specific applications, this paper describes the prerequisite architectural changes that are necessary to implement these novel functions.