The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a fundamental combinatorial optimization task that involves determining cost-effective routes subject to operational constraints. This study proposes a deep reinforcement learning framework that integrates Off-policy Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with a transductive LSTM (TLSTM), further enhanced by a differential evolution-based hyperparameter optimization (HO) procedure. The TLSTM module captures spatiotemporal dependencies more effectively than conventional LSTMs, while the off-policy PPO component enables robust policy updates under diverse VRP variants. The HO module ensures stable convergence by adaptively balancing exploration and exploitation. The proposed approach is evaluated on five VRP variants—including the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), Capacitated VRP (CVRP), Split Delivery VRP (SDVRP), Orienteering Problem (OP), and Prize Collecting TSP (PCTSP)—demonstrating consistent improvements in both solution quality and computational efficiency. On average, the framework achieves a 4.12% reduction in route costs and a 94.34% improvement in computational speed, underscoring its potential for advancing VRP research and supporting practical applications in logistics and transportation.

Spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) is a pioneering method for simultaneously studying morphological contexts and gene expression at single-cell precision. Data emerging from SRT are multifaceted, presenting researchers with intricate gene expression matrices, precise spatial details and comprehensive histology visuals. Such rich and intricate datasets, unfortunately, render many conventional methods like traditional machine learning and statistical models ineffective. The unique challenges posed by the specialized nature of SRT data have led the scientific community to explore more sophisticated analytical avenues. Recent trends indicate an increasing reliance on deep learning algorithms, especially in areas such as spatial clustering, identification of spatially variable genes and data alignment tasks. In this manuscript, we provide a rigorous critique of these advanced deep learning methodologies, probing into their merits, limitations and avenues for further refinement. Our in-depth analysis underscores that while the recent innovations in deep learning tailored for SRT have been promising, there remains a substantial potential for enhancement. A crucial area that demands attention is the development of models that can incorporate intricate biological nuances, such as phylogeny-aware processing or in-depth analysis of minuscule histology image segments. Furthermore, addressing challenges like the elimination of batch effects, perfecting data normalization techniques and countering the overdispersion and zero inflation patterns seen in gene expression is pivotal. To support the broader scientific community in their SRT endeavors, we have meticulously assembled a comprehensive directory of readily accessible SRT databases, hoping to serve as a foundation for future research initiatives.

Abstract Personalized health monitoring and prediction are indispensable in advancing healthcare delivery, particularly amidst the escalating prevalence of chronic illnesses and the aging population. Deep learning (DL) stands out as a promising avenue for crafting personalized health monitoring systems adept at forecasting health outcomes with precision and efficiency. As personal health data becomes increasingly accessible, DL‐based methodologies offer a compelling strategy for enhancing healthcare provision through accurate and timely prognostications of health conditions. This article offers a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in employing DL for personalized health monitoring and prediction. It summarizes a diverse range of DL architectures and their practical implementations across various realms, such as wearable technologies, electronic health records (EHRs), and data accumulated from social media platforms. Moreover, it elucidates the obstacles encountered and outlines future directions in leveraging DL for personalized health monitoring, thereby furnishing invaluable insights into the immense potential of DL in this domain.

Abstract Skin cancer, primarily resulting from the abnormal growth of skin cells, is among the most common cancer types. In recent decades, the incidence of skin cancer cases worldwide has risen significantly (one in every three newly diagnosed cancer cases is a skin cancer). Such an increase can be attributed to changes in our social and lifestyle habits coupled with devastating man-made alterations to the global ecosystem. Despite such a notable increase, diagnosis of skin cancer is still challenging, which becomes critical as its early detection is crucial for increasing the overall survival rate. This calls for advancements of innovative computer-aided systems to assist medical experts with their decision making. In this context, there has been a recent surge of interest in machine learning (ML), in particular, deep neural networks (DNNs), to provide complementary assistance to expert physicians. While DNNs have a high processing capacity far beyond that of human experts, their outputs are deterministic, i.e., providing estimates without prediction confidence. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to develop DNNs with uncertainty-awareness to provide confidence in their predictions. Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) is vastly used for uncertainty quantification; however, MCD suffers from overconfidence and being miss calibrated. In this paper, we use MCD algorithm to develop an uncertainty-aware DNN that assigns high predictive entropy to erroneous predictions and enable the model to optimize the hyper-parameters during training, which leads to more accurate uncertainty quantification. We use two synthetic (two moons and blobs) and a real dataset (skin cancer) to validate our algorithm. Our experiments on these datasets prove effectiveness of our approach in quantifying reliable uncertainty. Our method achieved 85.65 ± 0.18 prediction accuracy, 83.03 ± 0.25 uncertainty accuracy, and 1.93 ± 0.3 expected calibration error outperforming vanilla MCD and MCD with loss enhanced based on predicted entropy.

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide. Invasive coronary angiography is the most accurate technique for diagnosing CAD, but is invasive and costly. Hence, analytical methods such as machine learning and data mining techniques are becoming increasingly more popular. Although physicians need to know which arteries are stenotic, most of the researchers focus only on CAD detection and few studies have investigated stenosis of the right coronary artery (RCA), left circumflex (LCX) artery and left anterior descending (LAD) artery separately. Meanwhile, most of the datasets in this field are noisy (data uncertainty). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study conducted to address this important problem. This study uses the extension of the Z‐Alizadeh Sani dataset, containing 303 records with 54 features. A new feature selection algorithm is proposed in this work. Meanwhile, by discretization of data, we also handle the uncertainty in CAD prediction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study attempted to handle uncertainty in CAD prediction. Finally, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the hyper‐parameters of the support vector machine (SVM) kernels. We have achieved high accuracy for the stenosis diagnosis of each main coronary artery. The results of this study can aid the clinicians to validate their manual stenosis diagnosis of RCA, LCX and LAD coronary arteries.

This work was partly supported by the MINECO/ FEDER under the RTI2018-098913-B100, CV20-45250 and A-TIC-080-UGR18 projects.

This paper proposes a robust adaptive algorithm that effectively copes with time-varying delay and uncertainties in Internet-based teleoperation systems. Time-delay induced by the communication network, as a major problem in teleoperation systems, along with uncertainties in modeling of robotic manipulators and remote environment warn the stability and performance of the system. A robust adaptive control algorithm is developed to deal with the system uncertainties and to provide a smooth estimation of delayed reference signals. The proposed control algorithm generates chattering-free torques which is one of the practical considerations for robotic applications. In addition, the achieved input-to-state stability gains do not necessarily require high gain control torques to retain the system's stability. Experimental simulation studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy on a teleoperation system consisting of a Phantom Omni Haptic device and SimMechanics model of the industrial manipulator UR10. The validation of the proposed control methodology was executed through a real-time Internet-based communication established over 4G mobile networks between Australia and Scotland.