Emmons [5] proved the existence of a Lindahl equilibrium in a general equilibrium model with public goods and a hyperfinite Loeb space of agents. While Emmons allows incomplete and intransitive preferences, he assumes that preferences are monotone and that production satisfies free disposal, which exclude the presence of private bads. In this paper, we extend his analysis to economies with both public goods and private bads. We relax the monotonicity assumption by requiring that preferences be monotone only in public goods. Following Emmons, we model the agent space using a hyperfinite Loeb space and our proof relies on nonstandard analysis and Loeb measure theory.

Pilot plays a vital role in acquiring channels, but leading to high pilot overhead in a short packet that includes a pilot part and an effective blocklength part. The removal of pilots for channel estimation is an effective way to reduce age of information (AoI) in short-packet transmissions, by increasing transmission power in effective blocklength and reducing the optimum blocklength, given the total fixed transmission power. We investigate spatial correlation to minimize AoI for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless data collection and wireless power transfer (WPT) in short-packet transmissions, by reducing the number of pilots as much as possible, while guaranteeing block error rate (BLER) performance. A number of sensors in proximity are organized into a cluster. Only the reference sensor needs pilots to estimate channel, while the other sensors utilize spatial correlation to estimate their channels in a cluster requiring no pilots. Channel estimation error is introduced, and considered in BLER and in cluster region determination via elevation angle of UAV. The proposed approach tolerates the variance of channel estimation error up to 0.9, and in such case still provides AoI performance better than the existing work where each sensor requires pilots to estimate channels.

Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopic surgery significantly reduces bodily trauma, postoperative pain, and hospitalization duration. However, owing to the small size of incisions and the counterintuitive motion of surgical tools, longer training cycles are required for surgeons to achieve fine operational skills. This paper presents a laparoscopic surgery simulator with haptic-feedback control (LSHC-6) that provides a reliable and cost-effective training alternative for surgeons. In addition to the structural diagram, kinematic analysis, and gravity compensation algorithm, a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is applied to optimize the structural parameters of the simulator by evaluating its workspace, global dexterity, and gravity compensation ability. A prototype system was developed and evaluated using two training experiments. The results demonstrate that the simulator exhibits good operational fluidity, workspace, and stable force output, effectively meeting the needs of laparoscopic surgical training.

This objective of this paper is to study land use monitoring and analysis method for harbor areas using multi-source and multi-resolution images. More detailed and suitable classification system was established and Object-oriented classification method was used for HJ-1 image in 2014, change detection method based on multi-source knowledge was used for TM and MSS images in 1994 and 1983. In the result, we got detailed land use change for three typical ports in Xiamen Harbor that from 1983 to 2014, the area of port land increased by 829.8%, which caused land surface changes a lot in these three ports and their surround areas. Further work must pay more attention to land use change mechanics in harbor and its surrounding area.