Contemporary ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems play a central role in business management in the era of digital transformation. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology significantly influences the architecture and functionality of ERP systems, transforming them into intelligent decision-support platforms. The scope and depth of AI integration with ERP may vary, which is why the article identifies three main areas of support: process automation, data analytics and decision support, as well as user interface personalization and interactivity. Within each of these areas, four levels of increasingly advanced AI applications in ERP systems are distinguished. The proposed model also illustrates the evolution of ERP systems—from reactive to proactive solutions capable of metacognition, performance optimization, and autonomous decision-making. As a result, adaptive, cognitive, and autonomous ERP systems are distinguished. The article is based on a review of literature in the fields of economic informatics and management, supplemented by selected business case studies. It is conceptual and analytical in nature and serves as a starting point for further research and the planning of AI implementations in ERP environments.

This paper explores the technological and organizational determinants influencing the implementation and use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in municipal management in Poland. Drawing on empirical research conducted in selected municipalities of the Northern Subregion of the Silesian Voivodeship, the study investigates the extent to which GIS tools are applied across statutory municipal functions, how they are organized, and their integration with modern technologies. Using documentation analysis, structured interviews, and questionnaire surveys, the authors assess the current status of GIS use at the third level of local government. The findings indicate that while GIS is commonly utilized for information dissemination, analysis, and planning support, its application in data recording and decision-making remains limited. Furthermore, the integration of GIS with advanced technologies such as AI, IoT, and AR is largely absent due to financial and institutional constraints. The study highlights the reliance on external GIS platforms, limited local capacity for development, and uneven adoption beyond mandatory areas. The results offer insights that may support the future digital transformation of local governments in Poland, particularly in the realm of spatial data management and smart governance.

The authors have been researching the use of GIS systems in local government for a number of years. Geographical systems are an important element in supporting decision making as they map urban (rural, local) space at multiple layers and levels. GIS systems have long since gone beyond the level of mere cartographic records. The integration of such solutions with local government management information systems is commonplace. However, new technologies are emerging around GIS systems, such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, digital twins, which have enormous potential to make even better use of their capabilities. Integration with new ICTs on a synergistic basis can be expected to deliver even better results. This paper identifies the main needs and areas for the integration of GIS with modern ICT in urban management. A survey was also conducted in selected provincial cities in Poland. The results of the analysis showed that some new ICTs are already highly integrated with GIS (e.g. IoT). Others, despite their potential (e.g. AI), are still waiting to be fully exploited in the field of local government management.

Smart city development aims to build urban areas providing a high quality of life through modern infrastructure. Local governments have different strategic priorities. In particular, they focus on socio-economic capabilities, technological benefits, and sustainability goals. These areas are interrelated through spatial, time, and infrastructural dependencies. Intelligent city management could benefit from the simulation and visualization of these relationships. A digital twin is a solution that can oversee the complexity of city infrastructure spanning multiple locations, IoT devices, and data from other systems. The essence of digital twins is a bi-directional mapping of the relationship between physical and virtual space. The article aims to identify the state of knowledge about digital twins among local governments and the areas and possibilities using this technology to support city management. To achieve these goals, the authors conducted a research procedure covering the following stages: (1) identifying the directions of application of digital twins in smart cities based on the literature; (2) Conducting interviews with local governments representatives of the ten largest cities in Poland; (3) Expert assessment of potential application areas of digital twins, taking into account the needs, existing infrastructure, and information resources. The paper’s contribution is recognizing the areas in city management that can benefit from digital twin implementation.

The concept of space is becoming more and more popular in many areas of human activity. It ceased to be associated only as geographical or astronomical. More and more often, abstract spaces are created to visualize various phenomena. The basic advantage of space is the ability to visualize it in the form of maps. The development of GIS (Geographic Information System) technology has significantly expanded the functional possibilities of using spatial description to map various types of phenomena. In this study, spatial description is treated as an opportunity to map various types of environments with the use of electronic cartographic tools. This is mainly about GIS tools, but tools such as CAD (Computer Aided Design), Mapping Creators, landscape design tools, tools based on BPMN (Business Process Management and Notation) and others can also be used. In this study, it was assumed that the investment processes within smart city are the environment for spatial description. Based on the experience related to the work on the RBSC (Regional Business Spatial Community) concept, the authors’ team wants to indicate the possibilities of using spatial description to manage investment processes within smart city. The purpose of this study is to indicate how spatial description can be used in investment processes within smart city. Spatial description can be used at various stages of investment management in smart city. Starting from looking for inspiration, through choosing the location of the investment, designing the investment, obtaining the appropriate permits, managing investment projects, accepting the investment, and ending with its operation. As part of the aforementioned stages of investment implementation, various types of space can be used (geographical, physical, heuristic, mathematical, taxonomic). The study shows which types of space can be used in individual phases of investment process management. The study assumes that not only geographical spaces are important in investment processes, but there is also the potential to use abstract spaces. In this view, the RBSC concept is treated as a geographical basis that can be communicated with other types of space.

ICT tools based on abstract spaces can be considered as the "younger sibling" of GIS tools. While GIS tools based on real spaces, i.e. those that are easy for users to imagine, are developing more and more, tools based on abstract spaces are still in their infancy. The aim of this article is to show the possibilities and directions of application of ICT tools based on abstract spaces and to present the current state of their application. The article shows which elements of GIS technology can be used in tools based on abstract spaces and what differentiates the discussed types of spaces. The approach to the proposed tools was made from three points of view. First - the types of abstract spaces were presented. Second - the areas of their application were indicated along with the application of higher information functions (such as spatial data collection for abstract spaces, their single- and multi-area visualisation, environmental analysis and assessment, planning, inspiration and support of decision-making processes presented in abstract spaces). And thirdly, they were framed from the point of view of modern technologies such as AI (Artificial Intelligence), VR (Virtual Reality), AR (Augmented Reality) or hyperlinks. The reflections were concluded with an analysis of the current state of application of the technology in question in Polish public administration offices. The results of the surveys show that the proposed solutions are not currently used in city halls and are at the conceptual stage. The topic of AI is well known among the respondents. This is probably due to the popularity of the concept in popular science publications. Respondents show much less interest in the area of abstract spaces. Furthermore, they are of the opinion that their GIS solutions do not support this type of space, or if they do, they have no idea how to use it.

The article deals with the application of GIS in different types of cities. The development of GIS technology is opening up new applications. In addition to the collection and cartographic visualisation of data, higher-level information functions such as automatic analysis, control, spatial planning or decision support can be realised. GIS technology can also be used to visualise abstract spaces. The article deals with the application of GIS in different types of cities. The article is intended to be the result of an analysis of the direction of the use of GIS technology in public administration in Poland. For this purpose, a model was developed to examine the state of GIS technology application. Two criteria were used to determine the state: groups of factors influencing the use of GIS technology (organisational, functional, informational and technical) and the level of maturity of GIS tools. Four levels were distinguished (from zero, i.e. no application of GIS technology, to a third level indicating the strategic importance of the tools studied). To this end, an empirical study was developed to determine the level of maturity of the application of the tools in question. After analysing the results, it can be concluded that the systems studied are still evolving. From the perspective of the proposed model, it can be assumed that the development of GIS tools has reached the second level in most of the surveyed offices. However, it will still be difficult to develop the software if not all the currently available GIS software capabilities are used.

Allowing access to real legal documents is an important element both for the development of science and the judiciary.On the other hand, protecting information about citizens or organizations, that appear in these documents, is crucial and required by law.Therefore, before the documents are distributed, the data anonymisation process should be carried out.Unfortunately, there is no perfect tool that can automatically anonymise documents in such a way, that the main concept of the document is preserved; especially in the case of documents written in inflectional language.The aim of this article is to show how important (and at the same time how difficult) is the task to identify personal or corporate data of a client, as well as other related personal data in documents that are subject to legal protection.We conducted research aimed at assessing the usefulness of IT techniques as well as decision rules and patterns in the anonymisation of legal documents.A set of real legal documents written in Polish was used for the research in which we identified selected types of data that need to be anonymised.Eventually, the obtained results were assessed by field experts.Additionally, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution, we conducted research on a set of 50,000 false identities with names, company names, addresses and other confidential information.The collection was created using Fake Name Generator 1 .The obtained results from both experiments confirmed that the solutions we proposed is accurate even in the case of real legal documents.

The problem of student structure prediction is very important from the viewpoint of the fundamental planning and control functions associated with this specific form of management. The purpose of this study is to present the results of an experiment involving the prediction of student structure based on the use of a machine learning solution (GANs) and compare them against real data obtained from a registry system of a European public institution of higher education in economic sciences. The research attempt provided a wealth of knowledge and insight into practical skills related to the potential application of such solutions and revealed a number of problems associated with student structure prediction tasks. The experiments revealed that – for 11 out of the 48 examined datasets – the PSI index was in excess of 75% but was decidedly lower for the remaining sets (with 18 sets assessed below the margin of 50%).

The article concerns using of SIS (Spatial Information System) technology in dynamic Smart City management. SIS technology tools have become an integral part of urban space management. The mentioned technology is used by more and more smaller cities. Although SIS is becoming more and more popular, the application of different types of tools using it still encounters different types of barriers. Meanwhile, the dynamic management of Smart City is becoming more and more complex, it requires new tools. SIS technology can provide such utilities. However, their implementation is slowed down by various barriers. The aim of the study was to identify barriers that slow down the implementation of SIS technology tools. For this purpose, a five-level model of SIS technology application development was worked out. The model shows the direction of development of SIS technology application, and thanks to it, it was indicated what barriers may appear when moving to the next levels. In order to identify them, a two-stage empirical study was carried out in Polish cities with a population of about 100,000. Their aim was first to check, whether the examined cities use SIS technology tools. This was confirmed by the survey conducted by means of electronic observation. Afterwards, studies were conducted in 13 medium-sized cities in Poland. Based on the results, the model of development of SIS technology application was positively verified by assigning an appropriate level of development to each of the examined cities. Barriers were then identified and included: mental, financial, organizational and legal, information, technological and mental barriers.

The article concerns using of GIS (Geographic Information System) technology in Smart City management. GIS systems have become an integral part of urban space management. All metropolises have incorporated GIS as a part of their information infrastructure. It is used in process of investments and in the dynamic management of widely understood projects. GIS is not a new solution, however, in recent years new areas of its use have emerged. The tools and technologies related to the idea of Smart City, such as Internet of Things, are gaining popularity. As a result, new potential areas for cooperation and integration of data and information resources emerge. The aim of the study was to determine the levels of application of GIS in the perspective of relations and links with Smart City tools. The first part of the article presents the levels of use of GIS in city management. In the next part, attention was paid to the potential use of GIS in Smart City. The third part of the article covers the results of the survey referred to the selected group of cities in 2021. The previous publication of the authors concerned the ten largest cities in Poland. Current questionnaires were focused on the next 30 cities from the list, including terms of population. The results of the study indicate that although there are many potential common areas of integration, these technologies are implemented and used separately from each other.

The use of GIS (Geographic Information System) systems to manage investments in cities is becoming more and more popular. Current technology enables the use of GIS system with the use of network technology. In this way, the same maps can be used by users of different units. Implementation of investments in cities often requires cooperation between different institutions, offices and other entities. For this purpose, it is possible to create electronic communities, which can be realized through electronic channels. This concept was called the Regional Business Spatial Community. The GIS tools can be considered as an integrating element between actors in the environment. GIS tools can be an element integrating the environments in which investments are made. On shared maps, not only existing facilities can be marked, but also implemented, planned or even postulated projects. The aim of the paper is to present the results of research conducted to identify whether, at a specific stage, the use of GIS technology in cities can serve as a platform conducive to the creation of regional electronic communities to facilitate investment in the city. The study covered 10 largest cities in Poland in the form of observations. In the case of 5 entities, a questionnaire interview was conducted. Based on the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that from a technical point of view, GIS software can be such a platform. The problem is the business, information and organizational platforms.

The article describes the levels of use of electronic business communities in the management of the city.The study was prepared on the basis of data, observations and investigation at Czestochowa City council, in April and May 2015.The research are related to the development of the concept of Regional Business Spatial Community (RBSC).City Council, along with service providers and providers of media for the residents work for regional development.Five basic levels were identified: informative, tender, negotiative, the level of projects and of processes.In addition to the characteristics of the levels, a qualification of the applied solutions and tools to specific levels has been made.The analysis shows that in the region of Czestochowa, relations at the level I to III occur.The summary indicates directions for further research on the developement of electronic business community.

The article describes the obstacles that may arise during the planning phase of the project -Regional Business Spatial Community.The authors are working on a project to prepare RBSC .It involves creating a community around a selected GIS (Geographic Information System) software available in Cloud Technology.In the design of the project, the participants should be all the entities responsible for creating the infrastructure of the region.After conducting preliminary discussions with potential participants, the authors paid attention to the barriers and problems that threaten the planned project.Therefore, in the course of the study they drew attention to the mentioned aspect.The study identifies four groups of barriers: organizational, psychological, technological and financial.The authors also conducted empirical research to identify the most significant barriers to the creation of RBSC .The study involved five institutions providing utilities (gas, water, internet, TV) to the residents of the city .The results showed that the most significant barriers are organizational and psychological aspects.Slightly less importance is attributed to technological and financial barriers. I.

Cloud computing is an emerging new computing paradigm designed to deliver numerous computing services through networked media such as the Internet.This solution offers many possibilities that did not exist before for all enterprises but especially for small and medium sized companies, which very often cannot afford for huge investments in contemporary IT solutions.The aim of the paper is an attempt of barriers identification especially mental barriers of managers which hinder making decision concerning implementation of cloud computing in small and medium sized companies in Poland.In the paper the notion of cloud computing was presented as well as benefits in the aspects of: technical, financial, organizational ones and barriers of cloud computing adoption.Next the results of research conducted in Polish SMEs companies were presented.The research showed that the biggest mental barriers perceived by managers concern lack of trust, incomplete knowledge about cloud computing and not perceiving necessity of changes in currently used IT model.