The increased adoption of the Internet Protocol (IP) in ICSs has made these systems vulnerable to the same security risks that are present in traditional IT environments. The legacy nature of ICSs and their unique operational requirements make them vulnerable to security threats that are different from those in IT environments. In this paper, we describe a protocol, named ArpON, which is able to wipe out in quasi real time any ARP cache poisoning attempt, thus making it ineffective. Contrarily to solutions presented in the literature for contrasting ARP cache poisoning, ArpON incurs in low operational costs, is backward compatible, transparent to the ARP protocol and does not use any HW feature nor cryptography functionality. We also model and validate ArpON in the OMNET[Formula: see text] network simulator. The simulation results show that ArpON is effective in avoiding ARP poisoning, and its communication overhead is negligible with respect to classical ARP protocol.

Since the nineties, the Man-in-The-Middle (MITM) attack has been one of the most effective strategies adopted for compromising information security in network environments. In this article, we focus our attention on ARP cache poisoning, which is one of the most well-known and more adopted techniques for performing MITM attacks in Ethernet local area networks. More precisely, we will prove that, in network environments with at least one malicious host in the absence of cryptography, an ARP cache poisoning attack cannot be avoided. Subsequently, we advance ArpON, an efficient and effective solution to counteract ARP cache poisoning, and we use a model-checker for verifying its safety property. Our main finding, in accordance with the above impossibility result, is that the only event that compromises the safety of ArpON is a cache poisoning that nevertheless is removed by ArpON itself after a very short period, thus making it practically infeasible to perpetrate an ARP cache poisoning attack on network hosts where ArpON is installed.

This work presents the result of an experiment aiming to derive high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of areas spanning at most few squared kilometers by means of Ground-Based Synhetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR) interferometry. Spatially dense maps of topographic height are obtaned by exploiting pixels of SAR interferograms characterized by high values of coherence and applying kriging interpolation to generate regular-grid maps.