Viewing electronic screens for a long time can cause visual fatigue, even induce eye problems such as refractive errors, dry eyes, etc. The relationship between screen display and visual fatigue has received much attention. This article aims to study the optimal display color temperature and color mode under two common ambient illuminations—normal office lighting (450 lux) and dark environment (3 lux). In a 2 × 2×3 experimental design, 36 participants evaluated the effects of two display color modes (light mode and dark mode) and three screen color temperatures (2800 K, 4500 K, and 6500 K) on visual fatigue under two ambient illuminations. We used eye movement tracking technology to collect blink rate and pupil diameters as objective indicators and used the Richter scale to collect subjective visual fatigue and preference score as subjective indicators. Results showed that at 450 lux, lower visual fatigue was found in the dark mode, 4500 K and 6500 K. At 3 lux, the visual fatigue was lower in the dark mode and 4500 K color temperature. Whether at daytime or night, the 2800 K color temperature resulted in the highest visual fatigue. Our findings complement the research on screen display and visual fatigue. They have practical implications for reducing visual fatigue caused by prolonged viewing of electronic screens.

In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and environmental adaptability of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an adaptive robust trajectory tracking controller for a quadrotor UAV with uncertain environment parameters based on Backstepping sliding mode method is proposed. This controller uses adaptive estimates to approximate the unknown parameters in the system model and designs an anti-interference link to counteract the negative impact of the external environment, which compensates the control input of the UAV rotor and improves the accuracy and stability of the quadrotor UAV trajectory tracking. Firstly, the mathematical model of the quadrotor UAV in the interference environment is established. Secondly, the tracking target of the quadrotor UAV is divided into attitude target and position target. Then, the adaptive method and Backstepping sliding mode method are used to design the update laws of the estimates and the rotor control input equations. Meanwhile, the appropriate Lyapunov function is established to verify the asymptotic stability of the UAV attitude system and position system. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out to compare the trajectory tracking performance of the quadrotor UAV with various controllers, and the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controller are verified.Note to Practitioners—This paper mainly focuses on studying a trajectory tracking controller suitable for the dynamics of quadrotor UAVs, especially its application in resisting unknown environmental parameters and disturbances. In practice, adaptive predictive laws are used to estimate model parameter perturbations, and this controller is applied to the rotor control in yaw, pitch, and roll directions, enabling the UAV to track the established reference trajectory. Meanwhile, our backstepping sliding mode controller can effectively improve the robustness of the UAV, ensuring flight accuracy while reducing interference from environmental parameters. In flight control, it is worth studying to solve the external wind field interference and modeling deviation. Parameter prediction based on adaptive methods can effectively handle these unknown variables and prevent UAVs from oversteer in complex environments. The simulation results have verified that the proposed controller can enable the UAV to track the artificially set spiral ascent trajectory, demonstrating high application value in interference environments. In the future, we plan to design an intelligent control method that does not rely on physical modeling, rather than precise models. With this change, we will further improve the application realizability of quadrotor UAV in real world scenarios.