Multi-objective multi-point shortest path planning problems are commonly encountered in real-world applications. Numerous path planning algorithms have been proposed to accommodate different model assumptions. However, most existing algorithms can only identify a subset of the Pareto optimal paths and overlook equivalent Pareto optimal paths. Relying solely on a subset of Pareto optimal solutions is insufficient to effectively respond to unforeseeable road eventualities in the real-world traffic environment. In this paper, multi-objective multi-point shortest path planning problem is modeled as a multimodal multi-objective optimization problem with necessary points constrains. A multimodal multi-objective evolutionary algorithm using constraint dominance principle-based path comparison strategy and path similarity-based multimodal solutions selection strategy is proposed to address this problem. The proposed constraint dominance principle-based path comparison strategy can effectively navigate through large infeasible regions by relaxing necessary point constraints, thereby obtaining a true constrained Pareto front. The proposed path similarity-based multimodal solutions selection strategy can effectively balance the distribution of solutions in the decision space, thereby preserving multiple equivalent optimal solutions. The proposed algorithm is compared with five state-of-the-art path planning algorithms from the benchmark test suite derived from the 2021 IEEE CEC path planning competition, where city maps are adapted from real transportation networks in Chinese cities, in our experiments. The exceptional performance is demonstrated through thirty independent runs, yielding experimental results that showcase the superiority of the proposed algorithm on the test problem set. This superior performance highlights the potential for designing more resilient path planners suitable for scenarios affected by unpredictable road eventualities.

In recent years, numerous efficient and effective multimodal multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MMOEAs) have been developed to search for multiple equivalent sets of Pareto optimal solutions simultaneously. However, some of the MMOEAs prefer convergent individuals over diversified individuals to construct the mating pool, and the individuals with slightly better decision space distribution may be replaced by significantly better objective space distribution. Therefore, the diversity in the decision space may become deteriorated, in spite of the decision and objective diversities have been taken into account simultaneously in most MMOEAs. Because the Pareto optimal subsets may have various shapes and locations in the decision space, it is very difficult to drive the individuals converged to every Pareto subregion with a uniform density. Some of the Pareto subregions may be overly crowded, while others are rather sparsely distributed. Consequently, many existing MMOEAs obtain Pareto subregions with imbalanced density. In this article, we present a two-stage double niched evolution strategy, namely DN-MMOES, to search for the equivalent global Pareto optimal solutions which can address the above challenges effectively and efficiently. The proposed DN-MMOES solves the multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MMOP) in two stages. The first stage adopts the niching strategy in the decision space, while the second stage adapts double niching strategy in both spaces. Moreover, an effective decision density self-adaptive strategy is designed for improving the imbalanced decision space density. The proposed algorithm is compared against eight state-of-the-art MMOEAs. The inverted generational distance union (IGDunion) performance indicator is proposed to fairly compare two competing MMOEAs as a whole. The experimental results show that DN-MMOES provides a better performance to search for the complete Pareto Subsets and Pareto Front on IDMP and CEC 2019 MMOPs test suite.

Traditional convolutional neural network classification models often only focus on the most distinguishing feature regions of the image and ignore the weaker feature regions. However, the image position distribution of plant diseases is very uneven. If we use convolutional neural network for plant disease recognition, there will be insufficient feature response, which will cause recognition errors. Aiming at such problems, we have designed a deep complementary feature classification network. First, the network uses DeepLabv3+ and Conditional Random Field (CRF) to generate disease part detection frames in a weakly supervised manner and combines semantic segmentation to extract disease object instances. Then we designed Complementary Feature Part Generation Models. Finally, it uses a bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (Bi-GRU) to perform the classification and recognition of the complementary features described above. We performed experiments on the PlantVillage dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed network recognition accuracy is 99.21%, which is 4.2% higher than the baseline model xception-65 used. We also performed experiments on the grape disease data set that we created. The accuracy of the proposed network recognition is 93.46%, which is 7.2% higher than the baseline model xception-65. In addition, compared with the better algorithms for plant disease identification in recent years, the accuracy performance has also been improved.

Spiking neural (SN, for short) P systems are a class of computation models inspired from the way in which neurons communicate by exchanging spikes. SN P systems with homogenous neurons and synapses are a new variant of SN P systems, where the spiking and forgetting rules are placed on synapses instead of in neurons and each synapse has the same set of spiking and forgetting rules. Recent studies illustrated that this variant of SN P systems is Turing universal as both number generating and accepting devices. In this note, we prove that SN P systems with homogenous neurons and synapses without the feature of delay are also Turing universal. This result gives a positive answer to an open problem formulated in [K. Jiang, et al. Neurocomputing 171(2016) 1548-1555] “whether SN P systems with homogenous neurons and synapses are Turing universal when the feature of delay is not used”.

The multiobjective multiple traveling salesman problem (MmTSP), in which multiple salesmen and objectives are involved in a route, is known to be NP-hard. The MmTSP is more appropriate for real-life applications than the classical traveling salesman