The random propagation of molecules in a fluid medium is characterized by the spontaneous diffusion law as well as the interaction between the environment and molecules. In this paper, we embody the anomalous diffusion theory for modeling and analysis in molecular communication. We employ H-diffusion to model a non-Fickian behavior of molecules in diffusive channels. H-diffusion enables us to model anomalous diffusion as the subordinate relationship between self-similar parent and directing processes and their corresponding probability density functions with two H-variates in a unified fashion. In addition, we introduce standard H-diffusion to make a bridge of normal diffusion across well-known anomalous diffusions such as space-time fractional diffusion, Erdélyi-Kober fractional diffusion, grey Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion, and Brownian motion. We then characterize the statistical properties of uncertainty of the random propagation time of a molecule governed by H-diffusion laws by introducing a general class of molecular noise-called H-noise. Since H-noise can be an algebraic-tailed distribution, we provide a concept of H-noise power using finite logarithm moments based on zero-order statistics. Finally, we develop a unifying framework for error probability analysis in a timing-based molecular communication system with a concept of signal-to-noise power ratio.

Molecular communication in nature can incorporate a large number of nano-things in nanonetworks as well as demonstrate how nano-things communicate. This paper presents molecular communication where transmit nanomachines deliver information molecules to a receive nanomachine over an anomalous diffusion channel. By considering a random molecule concentration in a space-time fractional diffusion channel, an analytical expression is derived for the first passage time (FPT) of the molecules. Then, the bit error rate of the $\ell $ th nearest molecular communication with timing binary modulation is derived in terms of Fox's $H$ -function. In the presence of interfering molecules, the mean and variance of the number of the arrived interfering molecules in a given time interval are presented. Using these statistics, a simple mitigation scheme for timing modulation is provided. The results in this paper provide the network performance on the error probability by averaging over a set of random distances between the communicating links as well as a set of random FPTs caused by the anomalous diffusion of molecules. This result will help in designing and developing molecular communication systems for various design purposes.

We consider molecular communication in a nanonet-work in the presence of stochastic interfering molecules where transmit nanomachines deliver information messages to a receive nanomachine over an anomalous diffusion channel. Specifically, a set of interfering molecules is assumed to be scattered in a region according to a Cox process. We first characterize statistics (mean and variance) of the number of interfering molecules arrived in a given time interval using Campbell's theorem. Since the interfering molecules significantly degrade the bit error rate performance in timing modulation scheme, we provide a simple mitigation scheme using the statistics of the number of interfering molecules.