Group Activity Recognition requires spatiotemporal modeling of an exponential number of semantic and geometric relations among various individuals in a scene. Previous attempts model these relations by aggregating independently derived spatial and temporal features. This increases the modeling complexity and results in sparse information due to lack of feature correlation. In this paper, we propose Weighted Temporal Attention Mechanism (WTM), a representational mechanism that combines spatial and temporal features of a local subset of a visual sequence into a single 2D image representation, highlighting areas of a frame where actor motion is significant. Pairwise dense optical flow maps representing the temporal characteristic of individuals over a sequence are used as attention masks over raw RGB images through a multi-layer weighted aggregation. We demonstrate a strong correlation between spatial and temporal features, which helps localize actions effectively in a multi-person scenario. The simplicity of the input representation allows the model to be trained by 2D image classification architectures in a plug-and-play fashion, which outperforms its multi-stream and multi-dimensional counterparts. The proposed method achieves the lowest computational complexity in comparison to other works. We demonstrate the performance of WTM on two widely used public benchmark datasets, namely the Collective Activity Dataset (CAD) and the Volleyball Dataset. and achieve state-of-the-art accuracies of 95.1% and 94.6% respectively. We also discuss the application of this method to other datasets and general scenarios. The code is being made publicly available.

Classifying complex human motion sequences is a major research challenge in the domain of human activity recognition. Currently, most popular datasets lack a specialized set of classes pertaining to similar action sequences (in terms of spatial trajectories). To recognize such complex action sequences with high inter-class similarity, such as those in karate, multiple streams are required. To fulfill this need, we propose MS-KARD, a Multi-Stream Karate Action Recognition Dataset that uses multiple vision perspectives, as well as sensor data - accelerometer and gyroscope. It includes 1518 video clips along with their corresponding sensor data. Each video was shot at 30fps and lasts around one minute, equating to a total of 2,814,930 frames and 5,623,734 sensor data samples. The dataset has been collected for 23 classes like Jodan Zuki, Oi Zuki, etc. The data acquisition setting involves the combination of 2 orthogonal web cameras and 3 wearable inertial sensors recording both vision and inertial data respectively. The aim of this dataset is to aid research that deals with recognizing human actions that have similar spatial trajectories. The paper describes statistics of the dataset, acquisition setting, and provides baseline performance figures using popular action recognizers. We propose an ensemble-based method, KarateNet, that performs decision-level fusion on the two input modalities (vision and sensor data) to classify actions. For the first stream, the RGB frames are extracted from the videos and passed into action recognition networks like Temporal Segment Network (TSN) and Temporal Shift Module (TSM). For the second stream, the sensor data is converted into a 2-D image and fed into a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The results reported were obtained on performing a fusion of the 2 streams. We also report results on ablations that use fusion with various input settings. The dataset and code will be made publicly available.

Human Activity Recognition is an important task in Computer Vision that involves the utilization of spatio-temporal features of videos to classify human actions. The temporal portion of videos contains vital information needed for accurate classification. However, common Deep Learning methods simply average the temporal features, thereby giving all frames equal importance irrespective of their relevance, which negatively impacts the accuracy of the model. To combat this adverse effect, this paper proposes a novel Transformer Based Attention Consensus (TBAC) module. The TBAC module can be used in a plug-and-play manner as an alternate to the conventional consensus meth-ods of any existing video action recognition network. The TBAC module contains four components: (i) Query Sampling Unit, (ii) Attention Extraction Unit, (iii) Softening Unit, and (iv) Attention Consensus Unit. Our experiments demonstrate that the use of the TBAC module in place of classical consensus can improve the performance of the CNN-based action recognition models, such as Channel Separated Convolutional Network (CSN), Temporal Shift Module (TSM), and Temporal Segment Network (TSN). We also propose the Decision Consensus (DC) algorithm that utilizes multiple independent but related action recognizer models in order to improve upon the performance of most of these constituent models, using a novel fusion algorithm. Results have been obtained on two benchmark human action recognition datasets, HMDB51 and HAA500. The use of the proposed TBAC module along with Decision Consensus achieves state-of-the-art performances, with 85.23% and 83.73% classification accuracies on the two databases HMDB51 and HAA500, respectively. The code will be made publicly available.

Yoga can be seen as a set of fitness exercises involving various body postures. Most of the available pose and action recognition datasets are comprised of easy-to-moderate body pose orientations and do not offer much challenge to the learning algorithms in terms of the complexity of pose. In order to observe action recognition from a different perspective, we introduce YogaTube, a new large-scale video benchmark dataset for yoga action recognition. YogaTube aims at covering a wide range of complex yoga postures, which consist of 5484 videos belonging to a taxonomy of 82 classes of yoga asanas. Also, a three-stream architecture has been designed for yoga asanas pose recognition using two modules, feature extraction, and classification. Feature extraction comprises three parallel components. First, pose is estimated using the part affinity fields model to extract meaningful cues from the practitioner. Second, optical flow is used to extract temporal features. Third, raw RGB videos are used for extracting the spatiotemporal features. Finally in the classification module, pose, optical flow, and RGB streams are fused to get the final results of the yoga asanas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to establish a video benchmark yoga recognition dataset. The code and dataset will be released soon.

Abstract Human activity recognition aims to determine actions performed by a human in an image or video. Examples of human activity include standing, running, sitting, sleeping,etc. These activities may involve intricate motion patterns and undesired events such as falling. This paper proposes a novel deep convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) network for skeletal-based activity recognition and fall detection. The proposed ConvLSTM network is a sequential fusion of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, and fully connected layers. The acquisition system applies human detection and pose estimation to pre-calculate skeleton coordinates from the image/video sequence. The ConvLSTM model uses the raw skeleton coordinates along with their characteristic geometrical and kinematic features to construct the novel guided features. The geometrical and kinematic features are built upon raw skeleton coordinates using relative joint position values, differences between joints, spherical joint angles between selected joints, and their angular velocities. The novel spatiotemporal-guided features are obtained using a trained multi-player CNN-LSTM combination. Classification head including fully connected layers is subsequently applied. The proposed model has been evaluated on the KinectHAR dataset having 130,000 samples with 81 attribute values, collected with the help of a Kinect (v2) sensor. Experimental results are compared against the performance of isolated CNNs and LSTM networks. Proposed ConvLSTM have achieved an accuracy of 98.89% that is better than CNNs and LSTMs having an accuracy of 93.89 and 92.75%, respectively. The proposed system has been tested in realtime and is found to be independent of the pose, facing of the camera, individuals, clothing,etc. The code and dataset will be made publicly available.

Abstract The objective of this article is to introduce several new methods or techniques for solving simultaneous linear and nonlinear system of equations with the help of a new hybrid algorithm based on advanced quantum behaved particle swarm optimization and the concept of binary tournamenting process. Depending on different options of binary tournamenting, six different variants of hybrid algorithms are proposed. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithms five well known benchmark bound‐constrained optimization problems are solved. Among the six different variants of hybrid algorithms, the best algorithm is selected on the basis of their performances in these problems. This best algorithm is then applied in solving simultaneous linear and nonlinear system of equations transforming these equations into optimization problems. In case of linear system, just two systems are solved while in case of nonlinear system seven complicated problems are solved and finally a comparison of best found solutions are estimated with the same of existing algorithms provided in the literature.

Due to the fluctuation of market economy and uncertainty of customers' demand, it is quite difficult to develop an appropriate inventory model under uncertain situations. To overcome this difficulty, a food production model with preservation technology and credit-linked demand under default risk of capital in uncertain environment is developed with the help of parametric approach and interval mathematics. In this proposed model, all the inventory parameters, including demand rate, production rate and deterioration rate are considered as interval-valued. Because of the consideration of demand rate, production rate as well as deterioration rate as interval-valued, to represent the proposed model mathematically, the interval differential equations have been used. Solving these differential equations by using parametric approach, all the cost components and the corresponding average profit are obtained in the form of intervals. Therefore, the optimization problem of this model becomes interval-optimization problem. Then, to solve the interval-optimization problem, the center-radius optimization technique is established with the help of interval order relations. With the help of this technique, the interval-optimization problem is converted into crisp problem and then it is solved numerically by using different variants (Gaussian Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization, Weighted Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization, and Adaptive Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization) of Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization technique. Some real-life problems are considered and solved to justify the validity of the proposed model. The same model is also analyzed in crisp environment to verify the result of interval environment. Finally, the sensitivity analyses of both crisp and interval environments are performed separately with respect to the different system parameters.