The Internet of Things (IoT) enables intelligent transportation services by connecting vehicles with roadside infrastructure and generating time-sensitive data. To support low-latency processing, edge-IoT vehicular networks deploy distributed edge servers near mobile users. However, high vehicular mobility and heterogeneous edge resources make it difficult for existing approaches to effectively exploit spatio-temporal mobility patterns and to support real-time offloading decisions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes TPADO, a Trajectory Prediction-Aware Dynamic Offloading framework that integrates a Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (ST-GCN) with a multi-agent decision mechanism based on Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). TPADO employs ST-GCN to perform high-fidelity trajectory prediction by explicitly modeling the graph structure of vehicular networks, thereby enabling proactive candidate-node selection and mobility-aware result delivery. Based on the predicted mobility information, we further design a hierarchical multi-strategy offloading framework, where a DRL-based policy layer adaptively selects offloading strategies, and a rule layer performs fine-grained node assignment and task partitioning. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that TPADO achieves the best overall performance among the compared methods. Compared with the centralized DQN baseline, it reduces global average latency by 6.4% and system saturation by 3.01 percentage points, while also delivering higher throughput and task success rate. These results validate the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed framework.

As a key application of the Agricultural Internet of Things (AIoT), multimodal agriproduct anomaly detection faces severe privacy and security challenges. Existing federated learning (FL) methods struggle to capture fine-grained cross-modal correlations and to address the modality under-optimization problem, thereby limiting both detection accuracy and privacy levels. To this end, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving federated multimodal agriproduct anomaly detection scheme in AIoT based on modality-under-optimized knowledge distillation (PAMAD), achieving high-utility anomaly detection with enhanced privacy protection. Specifically, we develop a hierarchical privacy protection method for multimodal fine-grained alignment fusion based on meta-learning (HPPMF), which effectively captures cross-modal semantic correlations and protects the privacy of fused features. In addition, we propose a multi-task pre-training algorithm based on modality-under-optimized knowledge distillation (MTLMKD) to alleviate modal imbalance. We further design a pre-training dynamic protection algorithm based on adaptive gradient quantization (PDAGC) to ensure model security. Subsequently, a multimodal agriproduct anomaly detection method with a self-supervised denoising encoder (MAPADSE) is introduced to improve detection accuracy under noisy conditions. Rigorous security analysis demonstrates that the PAMAD scheme satisfies differential privacy. Experimental results show that, compared with existing state-of-the-art methods, our PAMAD scheme improves AUROC and accuracy by 7.56% and 8.71%, respectively, achieving a desirable balance between privacy protection and anomaly detection accuracy in AIoT services.

The expansion of cloud-based shared storage increases data privacy concerns. While data encryption technologies can safeguard data content, they cannot prevent the leakage of data access patterns. By re-encrypting data and changing storage location after each access, Oblivious Random Access Machine (ORAM) can effectively avoid information leakage from memory access patterns. While ORAM was initially designed for single-user applications, most existing multi-user ORAM solutions have drawbacks, such as dependence on a trusted proxy, high client storage overhead, and low throughput. To address the issues of multi-user ORAM systems, this paper explores the design of proxyless ORAM solutions in shared storage scenarios and proposes MC-ORAM, a new multi-user oblivious data storage framework. It ensures data consistency through client collaboration in a proxyless architecture, achieves higher throughput by differentiating request processing based on privacy protection requirements, and uses recursion for optimization. We implemented MC-ORAM and analyzed its performance using a variety of indicators, as well as conducting comparative evaluations against alternative schemes. The results show that, on average, MC-ORAM reduces response latency by 18.1% and improves throughput by 23.8% compared to TaoStore.

As a popular service management system, the spatial crowdsourcing (SC) server is responsible for allocating nearby workers to perform tasks based on outsourced locations. However, protecting the sensitive information contained in these outsourced locations is crucial. Traditional differential privacy (DP) methods suffer from two limitations: 1) they usually rely on a trusted third party, failing to protect both worker and task location privacy simultaneously, thus risking privacy breaches; 2) they ignore the personalized privacy demands of different users. In this paper, we propose a personalized local DP-based location obfuscation (PLDPLO) scheme, thereby providing personalized privacy-preserving both worker and task locations locally while allocating high-quality tasks. To achieve this, we introduce a personalized location indistinguishability (PLI) model, a new personalized Laplace mechanism achieving local DP, to jointly provide the protection of worker locations and different privacy levels for different workers. To address task privacy, we present a spatial mapping indistinguishability (SMI) algorithm to obfuscate task locations based on a random response mechanism, thereby ensuring data utility. Additionally, we propose a Zipf-Poisson model-based task allocation graph (ZPTAG) algorithm to perform one-task-multiple-workers allocation and achieve a high competitive ratio, which reduces the move distance of workers. Our PLDPLO scheme guarantees ϵ-LDP. Extensive experiments over real datasets demonstrate that our scheme achieves over 89% data utility for task allocation and outperforms state-of-the-art methods while providing personalized privacy levels.

Transformer-based models have demonstrated outstanding performance in video understanding tasks due to their capacity to capture long-range dependencies. However, their high computational cost, along with the massive volume of streaming video data, presents significant challenges for real-time deployment on resource-constrained edge devices integrated into internet of things (IoT) systems. Existing approaches typically eliminate spatial or temporal redundancy in isolation, failing to fully exploit the inherent spatio-temporal similarity in video data. To address this limitation, we propose CST-ViT, a cascaded spatio-temporal redundancy elimination framework that jointly reduces dynamic temporal and intra-frame spatial redundancy. CST-ViT incorporates three gating modules: the direct temporal gate for matching unchanged backgrounds, the offset temporal gate for capturing motion-related changes, and the spatial gate for intra-frame similarity matching. Together with a spatiotemporal caching and token reuse mechanism, CST-ViT enables efficient token filtering and computation reuse. Experimental results show that CST-ViT reduces computation by 55.88% with no loss in accuracy, and achieves up to a 74.75% reduction in computation with less than 1% accuracy degradation, outperforming state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy–efficiency trade-off for video transformers.

Traffic flow prediction, as a typical application of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in urban infrastructure, faces critical security challenges. Existing privacy-preserving methods in two-tier federated learning (FL) frameworks primarily focus on dense data while neglecting privacy vulnerabilities in massive sparse traffic flow collected by clients, failing to effectively protect both high-sparsity traffic flow and federated pretrained models against privacy leakage risks. Therefore, this article proposes a novel three-tier FL framework-based privacy-preserving sparse traffic flow prediction (TFLST) scheme, achieving dual protection of sparse traffic flow and model parameters with high-precision prediction. Specifically, we innovatively design a spatiotemporal self-attention transformer-based Gestalt sparse key cell selection (STGSC) method to efficiently extract sparse key cells with high spatiotemporal correlations. Additionally, an adaptive truncated Gaussian mechanism-based local sparse traffic flow protection (ATLSP) algorithm is proposed, which dynamically allocates privacy budgets according to sparse correlations to achieve high-utility sparse data protection. A dynamic spatiotemporal matrix completion-based GCN pretraining protection (DSMGP) method is adopted to enhance the spatiotemporal features of sparse data efficiently, protect model parameter privacy, and improve FL training accuracy. Subsequently, we introduce a spatiotemporal self-supervised learning-based multiobjective weighted traffic flow prediction (SMWTP) method to achieve high-accuracy traffic flow prediction. Rigorous security analysis proves that our scheme satisfies differential privacy requirements. Experimental results on four real-world datasets show that our TFLST scheme reduces prediction errors by 6.21% compared to state-of-the-art methods, effectively balancing data privacy and utility.

Oblivious RAM (ORAM) is an efficient cryptographic primitive that prevents leakage of memory access patterns. It has been referenced by modern secure processors and plays an important role in memory security protection. Although the most advanced ORAM has made great progress in performance optimization, the access overhead (i.e., data blocks) and on-chip (i.e., PosMap) storage overhead is still too high, which will lead to problems such as low system performance. To overcome the above challenges, in this paper, we propose a DC-ORAM system, which reduces the data access overhead and on-chip PosMap storage overhead by using dynamic compression technology. Specifically, we use byte stream redundancy compression technology to compress data blocks on the ORAM tree. And in PosMap, a high-bit multiplexing strategy is used to achieve data compression for binary high-bit repeated data of leaf labels (or path labels). By introducing the above compression technology, in this work, compared with conventional Path ORAM, the compression rate of the ORAM tree is$52.9\%$, and the compression rate of PosMap is$40.0\%$. In terms of performance, compared to conventional Path ORAM, our proposed DC-ORAM system reduces the average latency by$33.6\%$. In addition, we apply the compression technology proposed in this work to the Ring ORAM system. By comparison, it is found that with the same compression ratio as Path ORAM, our design can still reduce latency by an average of$21.5\%$.

N-methylguanosine (m7G), one of the mainstream post-transcriptional RNA modifications, occupies an exceedingly significant place in medical treatments. However, classic approaches for identifying m7G sites are costly both in time and equipment. Meanwhile, the existing machine learning methods extract limited hidden information from RNA sequences, thus making it difficult to improve the accuracy. Therefore, we put forward to a deep learning network, called "GenoM7GNet," for m7G site identification. This model utilizes a Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and is pretrained on nucleotide sequences data to capture hidden patterns from RNA sequences for m7G site prediction. Moreover, through detailed comparative experiments with various deep learning models, we discovered that the one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) exhibits outstanding performance in sequence feature learning and classification. The proposed GenoM7GNet model achieved 0.953in accuracy, 0.932in sensitivity, 0.976in specificity, 0.907in Matthews Correlation Coefficient and 0.984in Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve on performance evaluation. Extensive experimental results further prove that our GenoM7GNet model markedly surpasses other state-of-the-art models in predicting m7G sites, exhibiting high computing performance.

With the development of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), federated learning (FL) is important for protecting sensitive data from various Internet of Things devices (i.e., clients in FL). Despite FL's privacy benefits, attackers (e.g., untrusted clients) can still compromise the performance of the global model through model poisoning attacks. Unfortunately, two key challenges hinder effective detection and impact the performance of the global model in FL: first, accurately identifying malicious models to defend against attacks, and second, efficiently aggregating local models after detecting malicious clients. To address these challenges, we propose an improved FL system based on fuzzy rules, termed RFL-APIA. Compared to the conventional FL system, we have designed two novel components, federated learning generalized depth detection (FedGDD) and Fedsv-Weighted, to enhance performance and mitigate model poisoning attacks. Specifically, FedGDD introduces variance reduction by examining the relationship between local and global model gradients, thereby mitigating interference in nonindependent and identical distributed settings. It further implements an adaptive penalty factor-based scoring system, leveraging variations in local model updates for precise identification and mitigation of attacks. Based on FedGDD's output, the Fedsv-Weighted mechanism dynamically updates the global model's aggregation weights by considering local models' contributions, thus improving model aggregation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that RFL-APIA effectively prevents model poisoning attacks during training, ensuring model security, and guaranteeing a certain level of accuracy and convergence for the global model.

Big data has become a fundamental resource and a commodity in economic activities, thus, it is necessary to build a market model capable of supporting efficient data trading. However, two major challenges remain. First, researches have considered constructing data trading mechanisms, while few of them are based on the method of measuring data value in multiple dimensions. Second, a data market involved an intermediary trading platform (i.e., a third party) which is honest but curious, results may be obtained due the the leakage of private information. In this article, we design TM-OUE, a data trading mechanism based on Optimized Unary Encoding that enables reasonable trading mechanism and protects the privacy of data trading. First of all, we combine qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the value of data in multiple dimensions and formulate data trading model between the data provider and data users. Then, we utilize an Optimized Unary Encoding (OUE) protocol to protect the privacy of the data trading mechanism. Based on the above steps, we develop a two-stage single leader multi-follower Stackelberg game to jointly maximize profits of the data provider and data users. Experimental results demonstrate that TM-OUE can offer appropriate price for data and maximize benefits both for data providers and data users, which guarantees fair data trades while protecting privacy.

Tumour heterogeneity describes the coexistence of divergent tumour cell clones within tumours, which is often caused by underlying epigenetic changes. DNA methylation is commonly regarded as a significant regulator that differs across cells and tissues. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed research progress on estimating of tumour heterogeneity. Bioinformatics-based analysis of DNA methylation has revealed the evolutionary relationships between breast cancer cell lines and tissues. Further analysis of the DNA methylation profiles in 33 breast cancer-related cell lines identified cell line-specific methylation patterns. Next, we reviewed the computational methods in inferring clonal evolution of tumours from different perspectives and then proposed a deconvolution strategy for modelling cell subclonal populations dynamics in breast cancer tissues based on DNA methylation. Further analysis of simulated cancer tissues and real cell lines revealed that this approach exhibits satisfactory performance and relative stability in estimating the composition and proportions of cellular subpopulations. The application of this strategy to breast cancer individuals of the Cancer Genome Atlas's identified different cellular subpopulations with distinct molecular phenotypes. Moreover, the current and potential future applications of this deconvolution strategy to clinical breast cancer research are discussed, and emphasis was placed on the DNA methylation-based recognition of intra-tumour heterogeneity. The wide use of these methods for estimating heterogeneity to further clinical cohorts will improve our understanding of neoplastic progression and the design of therapeutic interventions for treating breast cancer and other malignancies.

Gene expression is modulated by multiple mechanisms, including genetic and/or epigenetic regulation, and associated with the processes of cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and DNA methylation play important roles in regulating gene expression. In this study, we focused on revealing the relationship between SNPs, DNA methylation and gene expression in two human populations genome-wide through proposing four regulation patterns and developed maximum likelihood estimate models. Using simulated data with different correlation coefficients between any two traits, the power of our approach showed a favourable performance and relative stability. In all, 6733 SNP-CpG-gene pairs including 957 genes were obtained in Northern European ancestry (CEU) population. As the results showed, SNPs and DNA methylation had approximately the same effect on expression regulation of 49% genes, which was termed cooperative/antagonistic regulation pattern. Less than 30% of genes are controlled only by one of the factors (SNP/DNA methylation). The others showed SNPs that affect methylation have no consequent effects or crosstalk regulation on gene expression. Similar result was shown in Yourba (YRI) population. Specific genes were inferred using the different mechanisms of gene regulation involved in complex diseases by combining literature. This approach provides a method to comprehensively assess regulation patterns of gene expression in the whole genome.