Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising substitute for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) due to their advantages of fast inference and low power consumption. However, the lack of efficient training algorithms has hindered their widespread adoption. Even efficient ANN-SNN conversion methods necessitate quantized training of ANNs to enhance the effectiveness of the conversion, incurring additional training costs. To address these challenges, we propose an efficient ANN-SNN conversion framework with only inference scale complexity. The conversion framework includes a local threshold balancing algorithm, which enables efficient calculation of the optimal thresholds and fine-grained adjustment of the threshold value by channel-wise scaling. We also introduce an effective delayed evaluation strategy to mitigate the influence of the spike propagation delays. We demonstrate the scalability of our framework in typical computer vision tasks: image classification, semantic segmentation, object detection, and video classification. Our algorithm outperforms existing methods, highlighting its practical applicability and efficiency. Moreover, we have evaluated the energy consumption of the converted SNNs, demonstrating their superior low-power advantage compared to conventional ANNs. This approach simplifies the deployment of SNNs by leveraging open-source pre-trained ANN models, enabling fast, low-power inference with negligible performance reduction. Code is available at https://github.com/putshua/Inference-scale-ANN-SNN.

Runoff prediction is essential for flood forecasting, irrigation planning, and sustainable water resource management. However, accurate predictions can be challenging due to the involvement of multiple variables. This paper presents a novel Graph Convolution-based Spatial-temporal Attention LSTM Multi-Task learning (GC-SALM) model for accurate runoff predictions. Our approach combines a multilayer neural network and an attention mechanism for enhanced generalization performance. The GC-SALM model employs spatial attention and graph convolutional networks to discern local and global spatial patterns, while temporal attention and LSTM are utilized to capture temporal characteristics within extended sequences. Experimental results reveal that the proposed model outperforms six state-of-the-art methods in runoff prediction and flow calibration, emphasizing its potential for real-world hydrological applications.