Summary form only given. • Part 1 — Fundamental of Electric Machines • Physics of Electric Machines • Basic EquaMons • DC Machine Modeling • Induction Machine Modeling • PMAC Machine Modeling

Software engineering educators often struggle to strike a balance between making the project “real” so that students can learn in a realistic context and using an “imaginary” project tweaked to optimize learning goals of the module. This paper describes our observations when we tried to make an established software engineering project module more realistic by introducing to it a public release of the software built by students. For various aspects of the module, we describe risks we had anticipated, measures we had applied to mitigate those risks, unanticipated challenges that emerged during the module, possible measures that we think can counter those additional challenges, and other positive and negative points of interest that we observed during the module. We hope that this paper will help other educators who plan to incorporate a public release to their project modules.

Abstract Server pages (also called dynamic pages) render a generic web page into many similar ones. The technique is commonly used for implementing web application user interfaces (UIs). Yet our previous study found a high rate of repetitions (also called ‘clones’) in web applications, particularly in UIs. The finding raised the question as to why such repetitions had not been averted with the use of server pages. For an answer, we conducted an experiment using PHP server pages to explore how far server pages can be pushed to achieve generic web applications. Our initial findings suggested that generic representation obtained using server pages sometimes compromises certain important system qualities such as run‐time performance. It may also complicate the use of WYSIWYG editors. We have analysed the nature of these trade‐offs, and now propose amixed‐strategyapproach to obtain optimum generic representation of web applications without unnecessary compromise to critical system qualities and user experience. The mixed‐strategy approach applies the generative technique of XVCL to achieve genericity at the meta‐level representation of a web application, leaving repetitions to the actual web application. Our experiments show that the mixed‐strategy approach can achieve a good level of genericity without conflicting with other system qualities. Our findings should open the way for others to better‐informed decisions regarding generic design solutions, which should in turn lead to simpler, more maintainable and more reusable web applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Server page technique is commonly used for implementing Web application user interfaces. Server pages can represent many similar Web pages in a generic form. Yet our previous study revealed high rates of repetitions in Web applications, particularly in the user interfaces. Code duplication, commonly known as 'cloning', signals untapped opportunities to achieve simpler, smaller, more generic, and more maintainable Web applications. Using PHP server page technique, we conducted a case study to explore how far server page technique can be pushed to achieve clone-free Web applications. Our study suggests that clone unification using server pages affects system qualities (e.g., runtime performance) to an extent that may not be acceptable in many project situations. Our paper discusses the trade-offs we observed when applying server pages to unify clones in Web applications. We expect our findings to help in developing and validating complementary techniques that can unify clones without incurring such trade-offs.

Templates (or generics) help us write compact, generic code, which aids both reuse and maintenance. The STL is a powerful example of how templates help achieve these goals. Still, our study of the STL revealed substantial, and in our opinion, counter-productive repetitions (so-called clones) across groups of similar class or function templates. Clones occurred, as variations across these similar program structures were irregular and could not be unified by suitable template parameters in a natural way. We encountered similar problems in other class libraries as well as in application programs, written in a range of programming languages. In the paper, we present quantitative and qualitative results from our study. We argue that the difficulties we encountered affect programs in general. We present a solution that can treat such template-unfriendly cases of redundancies at the meta-level, complementing and extending the power of language features, such as templates, in areas of generic programming.

As Web technologies change and multiply fast, their comprehension, assessment, selection and adoption are likely to be increasingly difficult, accidental and sub-optimal. Most often, needs are both important elements in technology assessment/selection and drivers of technology proliferation and evolution. We believe a need-oriented organization of Web technologies, as presented in this paper, is a useful starting point for comprehending the multitude of existing and emerging Web technologies from an essential and stable perspective. We identify important technological needs in relation to a reference architecture for Web Applications, and show how different technological trends address each need. We hope the paper will be of interest to those who want to get a grasp of the Web technology landscape and understand major trends. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.