Virtual router redundancy protocol (VRRP) is designed to eliminate the single point of failure in the static default routing environment in LAN. The original VRRP protocol does not support load balancing for both incoming and outgoing traffic. This paper describes EVRRP, i.e. enhanced VRRP. EVRRP supports an efficient multiple-node cluster and symmetric load balancing among routers. Each router periodically exchanges information to determine the status of the master and backups. The master router distributes and redirects the traffic to one of the backup routers by ICMP redirect message. Backup routers accept the traffic from the master and one of the backup routers takes over the master traffic using a gratuitous ARP message when the master fails. The improved election protocol speeds up the original VRRP election protocol and shortens the failover time by adding a new state in the previous VRRP state diagram and a new protocol type. An extensive evaluation of the EVRRP protocol is described in the paper.

For the purpose of deterring unauthorized duplication and distribution of multimedia contents, a seller may insert a unique digital watermark into each copy of the multimedia contents to be sold. When an illegal replica is found in the market sometime later, the seller can determine the responsible distributor by examining the watermark embedded. However, the accusation against the charged distributor, who was the buyer in some earlier transaction, is objectionable because the seller also has access to the watermarked copies and, hence, is able to release such a replica on her own. In this paper, a watermarking protocol is proposed to avoid such difficulties, known as the customer's right problem, in the phase of arbitration. The proposed watermarking protocol also provides a fix to Memon and Wong's scheme by solving the unbinding problem. In addition, the buyer is no longer required to contact the watermark certification authority during transactions, and the anonymity of the buyer can be retained through a trusted third party. The result is an efficient and anonymous buyer-seller watermarking protocol.