In modern Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) ecosystems, functional safety protocols are increasingly utilized to transmit safety protocol data unit (SPDU). Integrating the universal guessing random additive noise decoding (GRAND) algorithm with cyclic redundancy check (CRC)-coded SPDU can minimize SPDU retransmissions. However, it introduces residual error probability (REP) degradation that requires careful consideration. Using the IEC 61784-3 Standard and CRC assumptions, we derive a closed-form REP evaluation formula specific to SPDU length and maximum error correction capability. Our analysis reveals that, under the worst industrial conditions and for an SPDU length of 128 bits, the REP performance degrades by approximately 2:2 × 102times when the CRC signature length is 24 bits and up to one bit is guessing decoded. This degradation becomes more pronounced with increased error correction capability. To address this, we propose to compensate the REP degradation by adopting longer CRC signature. This paper provides a theoretical framework for adopting the GRAND algorithm in functional safety communication, setting a foundation for enhancing reliability in IIoT applications..

With the increasing use of biometric identity authentication, biological key generation technology is receiving much attention. A high-strength key that is easy to store and manage can be generated from biological characteristics, which can improve the convenience and security of user-encryption operations. However, the generation of a high-strength, stable, and robust key using the currently available fingerprint bio-key generation technology is difficult. This paper proposes a three-layer framework for fingerprint bio-key generation that is composed of a fingerprint bio-key preprocessor, fingerprint bio-key stabilizer (FPBK_Stabilizer), and fingerprint bio-key fuzzy extractor. In the FPBK_Stabilizer, feature selection and layer-by-layer convolution projection characteristics from deep neural networks are used to effectively eliminate the instability between fingerprint samples. Furthermore, a suitable multilayer convolutional projection fingerprint bio-key generation model is designed for generating the fingerprint bio-key. The results of a fingerprint bio-key generation experiment involving a fingerprint library comprising 100 people verified the efficacy of the proposed framework. Specifically, the proposed framework exhibited a generation intensity >1024 bits, accuracy rate >98.0%, and misrecognition rate <1.5%, thereby verifying its high-strength, stable, and robust fingerprint bio-key generation capability.

The combination of linear range walk correction and keystone transform is a good choice to focus high-resolution highly squint synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data because it is an effective way to remove linear range cell migration (RCM) completely and mitigate range-azimuth coupling. However, the results of this kind of imaging algorithm produce 2-D-variant residual RCM and variant-dependence Doppler phases. To obtain high-quality SAR image, an improved imaging algorithm using an azimuth-variant residual RCM correction (RCMC) and an extended nonlinear chirp scaling (ENLCS) is proposed in this letter. A new circle model is constructed to analyze the azimuth-variant properties of the residual high-order RCM and the Doppler phases. Based on this circle model, an azimuth-variant residual RCMC is implemented by multiplying a fourth-order phase function, and an improved ENLCS is derived to accomplish the azimuth equalization for azimuth compression. Simulation results validate the excellent performance of the proposed algorithm.

Single biometric method has been widely used in the field of wireless multimedia authentication. However, it is vulnerable to spoofing and limited accuracy. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a multimodal fusion method for fingerprint and voiceprint by using a dynamic Bayesian method, which takes full advantage of the feature specificity extracted by a single biometrics project and authenticates users at the decision-making level. We demonstrate that this method can be extended to more modal biometric authentication and can achieve flexible accuracy of the authentication. The experiment of the method shows that the recognition rate and stability have been greatly improved, which achieves 4.46% and 5.94%, respectively, compared to the unimodal. Furthermore, it also increases 1.94% when compared with general multimodal methods for the biometric fusion recognition.

Wireless energy transfer (WET) is emerging as a promising paradigm that provides sustainability for pervasive battery-powered devices to complete various tasks. Due to high attenuation of WET, it is crucial to design new architecture that conserves energy while guaranteeing task completion. In this paper, we propose an energy bank-based crowdsourcing framework and an incentive mechanism for energy conservation in wireless-powered task-oriented networks. An employer device outsources the whole or a part of its task to several worker devices and pays them energy as reward. Through energy-service trading, the employer consumes less energy and workers make energy profits. The virtual energy bank keeps accounts for all devices, authenticates the trading, and settles payments through a lossless bookkeeping-like manner. We analyze the employer's expense-minimized and workers' profit-maximized decisions and prove that the optimal decisions compose a Stackelberg equilibrium. To quantify the potential in energy saving, we further apply the framework to a relay-based sensor network where a source employs relays to forward data with a minimum rate requirement. An algorithm is developed for the NP-hard expense minimization problem. The simulation results reveal that our proposed framework and mechanism improve the energy efficiency by providing a win-win situation for both sides.