This document is a model with an accurate estimation of the battery’s State Of Charge (SOC), which is pivotal for prime performance and optimal lifespan of the rechargeable batteries. Though traditional methods, like Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Coulomb Counting (CC), are advantageous, they suffer from several limitations, such as sensitivity to temperature changes, frequent calibration, ageing effects, and measurement inaccuracies. This paper proposes 1-D Kalman Filter (1-D HKF) with an approach that incorporates the OCV and CC results into the state space model for better and more accurate SOC estimation. So, the model is called 1-D HKF or Hybrid Kalman filter that, influenced the long-term stability and estimation accuracy of CC and the accuracy of OCV at specific points to get over the individual limitations. The model trained by 1-D HKF adapts itself and adjusts the gain based on the uncertainties of each measured value to ensure optimal value information. So, We evaluate the performance of the 1-D HKF versus the traditional methods Kalman Filter using examples and exploratory data. The proposed approach illustrates significantly improved accuracy and robustness across various operating conditions, including varying temperatures and discharge rates.

This paper introduces a novel methodology for determining critical switching angles in a five-level, three-phase inverter, significantly improving the harmonic mitigation range to effectively mitigate the fifth and seventh harmonics. This method adheres to stringent grid codes over a wide range of modulation indices, as confirmed through detailed simulations. Analyzing five unique cases, the research expands the modulation index spectrum for mitigating fifth and seventh harmonics to 91.5%, a 30% increase over previous limits, without altering inverter switching frequency, number of angles, or fundamental voltage. This novel approach not only broadens operational ranges but also sets a new standard in harmonic suppression, as demonstrated by extensive graphical and MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation evidence.

The performance of a neural network controller majorly depends on the dataset used for training. Traditionally, Proportional-Integral (PI) controller data is used to train a neural network. In this scenario, the performance of the neural controller is limited by the performance of the PI. Similarly, any other controller data, when used, restricts the neural controller’s performance within its limitations. In this paper, a targeted output-driven dataset that theoretically gives the best desirable response is derived and used for training the neural controllers. Therefore, enhanced performance could be achieved that is better than that of traditional PI controllers. Detailed theoretical derivations are provided for obtaining the proposed dataset generation methodology for any nthorder system without zeros. The viability of the proposed neural controller was simulated and trained in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, and its response to variation in reference input has been inferred. The performance comparisons are made with the PI controller data and presented.

In power electronic systems, the management of harmonic distortion is paramount for ensuring both efficiency and reliability. This study introduces a methodology involving three switching events per quarter cycle in a three-phase, two-level voltage source inverter (VSI) to eliminate three specific harmonics, while also attenuating several others. By strategically implementing three switches per quarter cycle, lower-order harmonics are effectively targeted for elimination and mitigation in accordance with grid codes, thereby contributing to the reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). MATLAB simulations are employed to graphically derive and validate the optimal switching angles, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method across various modulation indices. The results indicate that maintaining a band gap of (±5%) can attenuate harmonics up to the 23rdorder, thereby enhancing overall power quality and ensuring compliance with harmonic standards.

In grid-connected converters, LCL filters exhibit a resonance effect that jeopardizes system stability and elevates harmonic content in the output current of the inverter at the resonant frequency. This paper explores an innovative active damping technique for LCL filters aimed at reducing the resonance effect in voltage source inverters connected to the grid. The method introduced here generates the virtual effects of two separate damping resistors by using the current through the capacitor and the feedback variables from the grid-side current, achieving the same outcome as the passive damping approach. The calculated feedback gains are devoid of any frequency terms and lack differential or integral components, simplifying their implementation, avoiding noise amplification, and reducing computational demands in the control loop for the current. The proposed technique is validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, and the results are presented to substantiate the method.

Model Predictive Control (MPC) techniques provide high performance and reduced torque ripple in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. However, the accuracy of MPC is sensitive to the accuracy of the prediction obtained using discretization of the SRM model. Most of the literature uses only the forward-euler discretization technique in the MPC of SRM drives. However, the performance of other available discretization techniques remains unknown. Therefore, in this paper, three different discretization techniques (Forward euler, Heun,s method and Runge-Kutta (IIndand IVthorder methods) are analyzed for the implementation of model predictive control on SRM drives, and their performances are compared. All the techniques have been implemented on an 8/6 4-phase SRM drive using MATLAB/Simulink, and the results are presented.

Battery Monitoring System is a crucial part of a Battery Management System (BMS). In commercial Electrical Vehicles (EV) battery packs and battery-powered devices, the two most important parameters are the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) of the battery. The EV has multiple cells connected in Series and parallel and makes the Battery Packs to drive the motor. So, the battery real-time Status monitoring is a preliminary part of the SOC estimation and Cell Balancing algorithm. Battery monitoring System helps to detect the current status of the battery’s cell pack and makes alert of any unpredicted situation and avoid damages. This paper proposed series-connected Lithium-ion battery real-time monitoring with the help of the Internet of Things (IoT) with state-of-charge estimation methods for Battery cells pack. Also, the individual cell status will be updated in the internet cloud and onboard the HMI (Human to Machine interface) LCD Display. With the help of the Battery Open circuit voltage (OCV), the initial SOC is predicted and finally implemented with the Coulomb counting method using the current integral. The total pack voltage of the Battery and the charging-discharging currents were measured by the LEM LA-55p current sensor and LV-25p Voltage sensor respectively. The ESP8266 system on-chip wi-fi microcontroller is used for cloud computing and the data is displayed using Blynk IoT cloud.

In this paper, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm proposed for a solar photovoltaic system based on a boost converter with limitations is used in a buck-boost converter to overcome these limitations. The limitations are discussed in detail with supporting results, and solutions for overcoming them are also presented. Various operating regions are shown in this paper for which the buck/boost converter fails, but the buck-boost topologies can track the MPP. The proposed method tracks the global maximum power point (MPP) at all operating points in less time than other conventional algorithms and even under partially shaded conditions. It is also very easy to implement the proposed method, which requires less memory compared to other algorithms. MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate the algorithm and converter, and the results are presented.

Mast is the foundation body in a bladeless wind turbine, its interaction with fluid (air or water) generates vibrations that in turn harvest usable electricity. Care must be taken while designing the structure of mast, in order to have an efficient generation of electricity. Having an optimum design of mast not only increases efficiency but also ensures the stability and longevity of the entire bladeless wind turbine system.This article focuses on the design and analysis of various mast on a number of various parameters in order to obtain an optimum design and structure of the mast. The design was analysed using "Ansys® Mechanical" 2020R2, the results and comparison has been provided in this article.

Cell balancing in Li-ion batteries is a very crucial task considering the effective loss of unusable charge that remains in the cells when one or more cells of the pack loses charge. The main idea of the cell balancing is to achieve a state of charge among cells where minimum or no charge of the battery remains unused while discharging and none of the cells overcharge in a response to charge the weaker cell to the full capacity. Several active cell balancing methods are available that mainly focus on same limb or string cells balancing. In this article focus is made on charge transfer among parallel strings of the battery using combined Phase shifted and boost dc converters. The proposed cell balancing is very efficient in parallel charge balancing and can improve over all balancing efficiency of the BMS in achieving both same and parallel limb balancing. The proposed topology has been evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink with the help of inbuilt Li-ion NMC cell model (3.7V, 2.050Ah) and the results are presented.

This article presents Second-Order Sliding Mode Control (SOSMC) to synchronize the three-phase grid-tied inverter and discuss the existing problem in the synchronization process through conventional PLL schemes and so to eliminate the problems related to the PLL the proposed PLL-less strategy employ the Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller, the suggested controller is implemented in stationary reference frame (alpha-beta reference frame) to eliminate the need for PLL and since Park's transformation is also not required the computational burden is also reduced in this approach, further the proposed model is compared with the existing PLL-less strategy and the results shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the power ripples and keeping the system stable even in unbalanced conditions.

In this paper, the rotor position at rest and running operation is estimated using the high-frequency voltage injection approach. A method for estimating starting position that was previously established was based on high-frequency voltage injection in all phases has also been extended to include predicting rotor position during standstill circumstances. The switched reluctance motor's sole idle phase is used to implement the newly designed rotor position estimation method by injecting a high-frequency voltage pulse. This method is discussed about estimating the initial rotor position by injecting a voltage pulse into all phases for a very short time, and after applying a voltage into all phases, a short current peak occurred, but inductance of the all phases differed due to the variable reluctance machine, and those peak points are fetched and based on those current peaks, changes in peak current reveal the relationship between rotor position, the initial rotor position is derived. The switched reluctance motor can be started and operated with an integrated method of rotor position estimation at a standstill and running. The proposed method is validated by MATLAB/Simulink and hardware setup.

A simple and fast technique for the estimation of positive and negative sequence components under unbalanced grid conditions is proposed. Grid synchronization is achieved by the application of instantaneous symmetrical components method on stationary and orthogonal αβ reference frame. In this paper, the frequency dependent variable time-delay based algorithm is used to generate the quadrature signals used on αβ reference frame. The frequency adaptive characteristic of the time-delay method is achieved by SOGI-FLL (Second Order Generalized Integrator Frequency Locked Loop). The proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and conducted experimentally as well.

LCL filter resonance complicates the design of a current control loop, threatens its stability, and increases harmonic content in output current at the resonance frequency. This paper presents a novel active damping approach based on the virtual resistor. The proposed method utilize the inverter side current and grid side current as feedback variable to provide the virtual effect of three different damping resistors. The derived feedback gains are free from frequency terms and so do not contain any differential and integral terms which makes their implementation easy, requires less computation, and avoids noise amplification in the current control loop. Importantly, this method does not require any extra voltage/current sensor, the sensor already in use for current controlling and protection purposes is utilized for the implementation of the proposed active damping. Finally, the proposed method is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and the simulation result justify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper proposes a computationally efficient Finite Control Set-Model Predictive Torque Control (FCS-MPTC) algorithm to reduce the torque ripple in switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. The computational burden is minimized in two ways, one by using a single look-up table based technique for estimating the torque and the other by reducing the switching vectors to be evaluated at any instant to a maximum of three. The single LUT-based torque estimation is done using k(θ, i) profile that gives a non-linear modulating factor to be multiplied with the linear torque. Furthermore, a controlled demagnetization of the outgoing phase is realized during the magnetization of the incoming SRM phase for the entire overlapping region thereby reducing the torque ripple. The proposed model is verified through MATLAB/Simulink on a four-phase 8/6 SRM. Using the proposed method, a torque ripple of ≈ 6% has been achieved.

The selective harmonic elimination technique allows us to eliminate completely N number of harmonics with (N+1) number of switchings per quarter. However, instead of completely removing grid regulations demand that harmonics be kept to less than 5%. Therefore, there exists a possibility of bringing more harmonics within the 5% band while keeping the number of switchings fixed. This degree of freedom is explored in this paper wherein many harmonics are mitigated while keeping only two switchings per quarter. The analysis is tested in simulation for various operating conditions using MATLAB/Simulink software. It is shown that up to 17 th harmonic can be mitigated to less than 5% with two switchings per quarter.

A simple and efficient graphical selective harmonic elimination method has been developed in this paper using which multiple harmonics can be simultaneously reduced even with two switchings per quarter. The method is also extended to reduce overall THD with the help of a cost function. The boundary conditions of the switching angles have been analytically derived, after which the switching angles are obtained graphically for simultaneous removal of lower-order harmonics. The proposed technique has been extensively simulated at various modulation indices using MATLAB/Simulink to validate the proposed graphical analysis.

This paper provides a mathematical model for the bladeless wind turbines working on vortex shedding principle. Unlike conventional wind turbines that work with rotary inputs, bladeless turbines require to generate power from vortex induced vibrations. Hence, it is required to have a mathematical model and equivalent circuit representation to help analyze the bladeless wind turbines and estimate different performance metrics. This may also be used in developing efficient control methodologies. A generalized mathematical model with three different equivalent circuit representations for the electro-mechanical system of a bladeless wind turbine is developed in this paper.

In this paper, islanded mode microgrid system using biogas and solar PV is discussed for small power applications (upto 250 W) in remote locations. Biogas generation is done using stirling engine coupled with DC generator which directly converts biogas to electrical power. Solar PV system with double sliding integral control based MPPT tracking is connected in parallel with the biogas system. These two sources are connected in parallel to a flyback converter for stepping up the voltage. This is fed to a single phase inverter which is controlled to give constant 220 V, 50 Hz AC to form a hybrid microgrid. The proposed system and the control scheme is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and tested at different conditions of solar and biogas availability and the results are presented. The proposed system could produce 220 V supply with ≈ 1.5% THD.

In this paper, an Orthogonal Signal Generation (OSG) using CORDIC algorithm is proposed for Phase Locked Loop (PLL) in single-phase systems. The Proposed technique is to overcome the issues of Second Order Generalized Integrator-PLL (SOGI-PLL) in estimating frequency and phase during abnormal conditions (dc offset, harmonics, voltage sag and frequency drift) of the grid. The OSG using CORDIC algorithm along With a Moving Average based band rejection Filter (WMAF) as an in-loop filter is used to attenuate the harmonic frequency components present in the quadrature axis component (Vq) of PLL during abnormal conditions of the grid. To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the grid voltage input (Vg) with several critical distortions are considered and a comprehensive analysis of the results for the SOGI-PLL, SOGI-PLL-WMAF, and Proposed PLL are presented. These results are simulated using MATLAR/SIMULINK and validated using an experimental setup designed in the laboratory. The frequency estimate and phase are obtained accurately using proposed algorithm under the normal and abnormal conditions of the grid.

This paper presents the four quadrants operation for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives based on the modulating torque sharing function (TSF). SRM is a nonlinear motor and has torque ripple issues whenever the two phases overlap. The conventional TSF’s have predefined function, which are limited to machine specific and have high torque ripple. In this paper, a modulated TSF is proposed, which modulating the torque profile based on the nonlinear inductance and machine currents. In this paper, the torque sharing function is defined in all the quadrant and modulating based on the outgoing current during overlap period. Different results are obtained and analysed in all the quadrants to see the performance of the SRM.The proposed algorithm is verified using Matlab Simulink, and the results are reported.

Existing rotor position estimation schemes strongly depend on prior fed data of inductance models which are subject to phenomenal electromagnetic disturbances, mutual inductance interference which inturn requires high gain bandwidth control logic. With these existing methods, an angle error still lies and gets carried along with when the motor is in rotating conditions. This paper discusses about exact rotor position extraction at standstill for reliable starting procedure without any position sensor. Proposed sensorless method tends to inject high frequency signals for short duration in an 8/6 SRM, thereby peak values of currents of all phases is captured for only 0° to 15° and recorded data is curve fitted to train the machine to detect its rotor position to any arbitrary mechanical degree. Authenticity and feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified on an 8/6 4-phase SRM through MATLAB/Simulink as a testing platform.

Use of Derivative based PLL is one of the simplest and fastest solution for phase-locked loops in single phase systems. The dynamics of Derivative-PLL are comparatively better than other methods, but it exhibits high frequency noise amplification and also under performs in non-ideal grid conditions. In this paper, a robust arbitrary order exact differentiator is proposed as a solution to generate noise free, fast and exact orthogonal signal by utilizing second order generalized differentiator method which is used further to formulate a PLL that is immune to high frequency noise and performs well under various disturbances in voltage, frequency, phase, harmonics, noise and DC-offset in grid voltage. The proposed PLL is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK and is tested for standard grid conditions. Typical results are reported and are compared with existing PLLs. It is found that the proposed method is not only simple and immune to noise and disturbances but also superior compared to other PLLs.

This paper presents a novel converter topology having less switches per phase and a common fast discharging circuit suitable for Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drives. The topology makes use of fly back circuit principle for fast discharge of winding current back to the source. The proposed topology can be modularized for any n-phase SRM drive keeping the same discharging circuit. The converter is analyzed and is implemented on a 4 phase 8/6 SRM drive using PSPICE and MATLAB/Simulink and the results are reported.

This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking algorithm for solar PV system that can work even under partial shading conditions. The proposed algorithm is easy to implement, does not depend on any system parameters, and always takes same amount of time for tracking global maximum power point. The algorithm is based on duty ratio variation rather than solar PV characteristics for tracking the global maxima. The propositions are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and typical results are presented. It is shown that tracking time and accuracy can be improved with the variation of switching frequency and the filter inductor (L) and capacitor (C) values used in the boost converter. It is further shown that using the proposed algorithm, global maximum power point with >99% accuracy can be reached within 1 ms.

This paper presents a novel method to fully utilize the positive slope region of SRM phase inductance profile and generate a maximum positive torque while simultaneously reducing the torque ripple effectively. The proposed method is based on explicit mathematical model with comparatively lesser computational overhead. Using the proposed modus operandi, torque ripple could be reduced to ≤3%. The proposed algorithm is implemented on a 6/4 3-Phase SRM using Matlab/Simulink and the results are reported.

This paper deals with the problem of stator and rotor resistance variation due to prolonged operation in vector controlled induction motor drives. An online adaptation method is developed using Higher Order Sliding mode control principles and Lyapunov Stability theory to simultaneously estimate the stator and rotor resistances online and compensate them in order to achieve the flux orientation and hence the decoupled control of the machine. Matlab/Simulink based simulation results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A novel model reference adaptive system based stator resistance estimation algorithm has been proposed in this paper. A new functional candidate is introduced which is positive definite and does not depend on speed information for resistance estimation. This formulation decouples stator resistance and speed estimation in case of a Q-MRAS based sensorless drive. Also, restriction on selection of estimator gains becomes less rigid when the proposed estimator is used for stator resistance compensation in an X-MRAS based drive. Extensive simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and experimentation in dSPACE 1104 based laboratory prototype has confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed technique.