The Terahertz band, spanning from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, is envisioned as a key technology to realize ultrahigh data rates in the 6 G and beyond mobile communication systems, due to its abundant bandwidth resource. However, to realize $\mathbf{T H z}$ communications, one substantial step is to fully understand the THz channels, which relies on extensive channel measurements. In this paper, using a correlation-based time domain channel sounder, measurement campaigns are conducted in a laboratory at 140 GHz and 220 GHz. In the data postprocessing procedures, the time drift of clock signals is corrected using a linear interpolation/extrapolation method. Based on the measured results, the main objects that provide significant oncescattering clusters are found, based on which the scattering losses are calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the channel characteristics, including path loss, shadow fading, K-factor, etc. are calculated and compared to 3GPP standard values. The propagation analysis and channel characteristics are helpful to study channel modeling and guide system design for $\mathbf{T H z}$ communications.

The Terahertz band, ranging from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, is envisioned as a key technology to realize ultra-high-speed communications in 6G and beyond wireless networks, attributed to its abundant bandwidth resource. Channel measurements and link-level analysis are still missing in a typical use case of THz picocells. In this paper, using a correlation-based time domain channel sounder, channel measurement campaigns are conducted on a university street at 220 GHz. Based on the measurement results, a full portrait of channel characteristics, including path loss, shadow fading, K-factor, delay and angular spreads, as well as cluster parameters, is calculated and analyzed. Comparison with existing 3GPP standard models shows weak multipath effects and strong sparsity in the THz picocell scenario. Moreover, small-scale fading is evaluated and fitted, where a Rician distribution among other competitors shows great fitting performance. Furthermore, considering realistic THz communication links, the ergodic capacity and outage probability are analyzed. Results have shown that more than 150 Gbps channel capacity can be achieved and reliable communication links can be guaranteed for coverage up to 40 m in the THz picocell. The results and analysis in this work offer guidance for effective system design for future THz picocell communications.

This paper presents an exhaustive comparison of channel measurements and appropriate channel statistics at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 130 GHz in the light of massive measurements conducted in an aircraft cabin environment. A total of 84 transmitter-receiver (Tx-Rx) positions are measured, covering both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) cases, with Tx-Rx distances ranging from 1 m to 10 m. The close-in and floating-intercept path loss models are presented for the cabin environment, and root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread (DS) and angular spread (AS) are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that the path loss exponent (PLE) is smaller than the free space PLE in the LoS aisle case over all measured frequencies. Moreover, the RMS DS and AS decrease as frequency increases in LoS and NLoS cases. This work can be applied to the design and optimization of the wireless communication system within the aircraft cabin.

This paper presents a comparative investigation of channel measurements and corresponding channel characteristics at 28 GHz, 38 GHz and 132 GHz in two different industrial environments, including a micro drilling-milling area and a large milling area. To depict the channel characteristics in industrial environments accurately, the close-in free space path-loss model and the alpha-beta-gamma model are used to examine path loss. Additionally, we analyze and compare the root mean square (RMS) delay spread (DS) and angular spread (AS) in different areas. The findings indicate the path loss exponent (PLE) has a dependency on the frequency, and all PLEs are less than the free space value 2.0 for the LoS case. Furthermore, RMS DS and AS exhibit distinct characteristics across various environments. This research provides valuable insights for design and optimization of industrial environmental systems.

The Terahertz (THz) band, which spans the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 THz, is widely regarded as a promising candidate for next-generation mobile communication. It has the potential to meet the demand for terabit-per-second data rates and facilitate network densification, making it a highly attractive field of research. In particular, the sub- THz band (100–300 GHz) is currently receiving significant attention in scientific research. This paper presents the characterization of Spatiotemporal channel measurements based on vector network analyzer in typical indoor scenarios at frequencies ranging from 215 to 225 GHz. The effects of both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions, caused by walls and pillars, are taken into consideration. Based on the directional measurements, the omnidirectional power angular delay profile is extracted. Char-acterization and analysis for multi path component parameters and cluster studies are also presented. The characterization of sub- THz channels extracted in this paper is instrumental in the development of channel modeling, system design, and performance assessment for sub- THz communication systems.

Terahertz (THz) communication technology holds significant potential for applications in the industrial internet of things (IIoT). Accurately characterizing the THz channel is critical for designing and optimizing communication systems in IIoT scenarios. However, the significantly higher frequencies in the THz band impede the effective utilization of channel models designed for microwave or millimeter-wave frequency bands. To overcome this challenge, extensive measurement campaigns are necessary to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of THz channels in indoor IIoT scenarios. This paper presents a measurement-based channel characterization in indoor IIoT scenarios at a frequency range of 215–225 GHz. We first present VNA-based channel measurement campaigns in micro drilling-milling and large milling areas. The measured data are further processed to obtain the channel impulse response. The key prop-agation channel parameters, e.g., path loss, power delay angle profile, delay spread, and angular spread, are calculated and analyzed in the line-of-sight case. Results demonstrate a favorable spatio-temporal consistency in multipath signal propagation and the physical spatial environment. Furthermore, significant correlations are observed between the channel characteristics and scatterer distribution within IIoT scenarios. The findings of this paper will make substantial contributions to the design and development of THz communication systems in IIoT scenarios.

Terahertz (THz) communications are envisioned as a promising technology for sixth-generation (6G) and beyond systems, owing to its unprecedented multi-gigahertz (GHz) bandwidth. In this paper, channel measurement campaigns in indoor scenarios at low-THz frequencies, i.e., 201-209 GHz, are reported. Four different communication scenarios including 90 transmitter-receiver pairs are measured in two channel measurement campaigns of a meeting room and an office room, respectively. The two measurement campaigns contains four scenarios, namely, a meeting room, cubicle area, hallway and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) case. The propagation of multi-path components (MPCs) in the four scenarios is characterized by the power-delay-angular profiles. Based on them, the temporal and spatial consistency for varying receiver locations in the complex hallway and NLoS scenarios are verified. To characterize, the large-scale best-direction and omni-directional path losses in indoor scenarios are separately analyzed and modeled by the close-in (CI) model. Furthermore, the small-scale channel parameters, e.g., the number of clusters, delay spread, angular spread, and cluster time-of-arrival are analyzed and modeled by proper distributions. As a general framework, a ray-tracing-statistical hybrid model is proposed for wireless propagation at 201-209 GHz, although, admittedly, the measurement results and analysis reveal that the channel characteristics in various indoor scenarios exhibit noticeable differences that need tailored parameter settings.

This paper presents the large-scale fading characteristics of Terahertz (THz) channel in indoor hotspot scenarios. A series of channel measurements at 219–224 GHz are conducted in a classroom and a hallway. In order to investigate the large-scale fading characteristics, the omnidirectional and best directional path loss are separately analyzed by close-in and floating-intercept models, and the Rician$K$-factor, root mean square delay spread and angular spread are analyzed to estimate the multi-path component richness, time and angle dispersion in various indoor scenarios. Further, these values are compared with what has been given in the Third Generation Partnership Project 38.901 in frequency bands lower than 100 GHz. In light of the results, the office area in hallway scenario shows the most severe path loss, and derives the highest time and angle dispersion. Besides, the measurement results enrich the datasets of THz channel propagation, which is helpful for the design and optimization of THz communication systems for sixth-generation.

Terahertz (THz) communication is considered as one of the potential candidate technologies in the sixth generation (6G) wireless systems. This paper introduces channel measure-ments in two sub-THz bands, i.e., 140- and 220-GHz bands, in an outdoor street canyon environment for both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios with a frequency-domain vector network analyzer (VNA)-based sounder. Based on the measurement results, we computed and analyzed the statistical features of wireless propagation channels, including path loss, root mean square (RMS) delay spreads (DSs), azimuth spreads of arrival (ASA), and elevation spreads of arrival (ESA). Moreover, we observe the birth and death of clusters over a straight trajectory under the NLoS condition. A high-resolution param-eter estimation algorithm, i.e., the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm, was employed to eliminate the effects of antenna patterns and the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm was used to clustered the multipath components (MPCs). The obtained statistical properties of measured channels and obser-vations on channel evolution can be employed in THz channel modeling and system design.

Owning abundant bandwidth resource, the Tera-hertz (0.1-10 THz) band is a promising spectrum to support sixth-generation (6G) and beyond communications. As the foundation of channel study in the spectrum, channel measurement is ongoing in covering representative 6G communication scenarios and promising THz frequency bands. In this paper, a wideband channel measurement in an L-shaped university campus street is conducted at 306–321 GHz and 356–371 GHz. In particular, ten line-of-sight (LoS) and eight non-line-of-sight (NLoS) points are measured at the two frequency bands, respectively. In total, 6480 channel impulse responses (CIRs) are obtained from the measurement, based on which multi-path propagation in the L-shaped roadway in the THz band is elaborated to identify major scatterers of walls, vehicles, etc. in the environment and their impact on multi-path components (MPCs). Furthermore, outdoor THz channel characteristics in the two frequency bands are analyzed, including path losses, shadow fading, cluster pa-rameters, delay spread and angular spread. In contrast with the counterparts in the similar outdoor scenario at lower frequencies, the results verify the sparsity of MPCs at THz frequencies and indicate smaller power spreads in both temporal and spatial domains in the THz band.

In this paper, we propose a scatterer-based hybrid channel model framework for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). The basic idea of the scatterer-based ISAC channel model is to first generate scatterers in the propagation environment and then use simplified ray-tracing to generate both communication and sensing channels. The proposed model is hybrid in the aspect of scatterers i.e., the scatterers consists deterministic part and stochastic part. The deterministic part of the scatterers is from the input environment geometry while the stochastic part is constructed from the stochastic MPCs generated by 3GPP channel standardization framework. A method to couple the stochastic scatterers with the input environment geometry is proposed to avoid unrealistic ray propagation. To support the proposed ISAC channel model in the application of THz communications, we conduct RCS measurement campaigns with common building materials for developing deterministic propagation models at 140 GHz. Also, we conduct communication and sensing channel measurement campaigns in both indoor and outdoor scenarios for extracting fast-fading parameters for 3GPP channel standardization framework. The simulation results show that the proposed model has the capability of characterizing ISAC channel properties and validate with the measurement results.

The Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) band has been envisioned as one of the promising spectrum bands to support ultra-broadband sixth-generation (6G) and beyond communications. In this paper, a wideband channel measurement campaign in a 500-square-meter indoor lobby at 306-321 GHz is presented. The measurement system consists of a vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder, and a directional antenna equipped at the receiver to resolve multi-path components (MPCs) in the angular domain. In particular, 21 positions and 3780 channel impulse responses (CIRs) are measured in the lobby, including the line-of-sight (LoS), non-line-of-sight (NLoS) and obstructed-line-of-sight (OLoS) cases. The multi-path characteristics are summarized as follows. First, the main scatterers in the lobby include the glass, the pillar, and the LED screen. Second, best direction and omnidirectional path losses are analyzed. Compared with the close-in path loss model, the optimal path loss offset in the alpha-beta path loss model exceeds 86 dB in the LoS case, and accordingly, the exponent decreases to 1.57 and below. Third, more than 10 clusters are observed in OLoS and NLoS cases, compared to 2.17 clusters on average in the LoS case. Fourth, the average power dispersion of MPCs is smaller in both temporal and angular domains in the LoS case, compared with the NLoS and OLoS counterparts. Finally, in contrast to hallway scenarios measured in previous works at the same frequency band, the lobby which is larger in dimension and square in shape, features larger path losses and smaller delay and angular spreads.

In this paper, the novel extended space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm, providing joint propagation channel multi-path component (MPC) estimation and scatterer localization underlying spherical-wavefront multipath model, is proposed. Two geometry-based models are aided for estimating the first and last hop scatterers under different bouncing orders. The performance of the proposed algorithm, as called geometry-aided SAGE (GA-SAGE), is illustrated by means of the Cramér-Rao lower bound derived for parameter estimates and the root-mean-square-estimation-errors (RMSEEs) obtained through and Monte-Carlo simulations, which shows the applicability both near- and far-field estimation. Finally, the GA-SAGE is applied to processing the experimental data obtained from measurements in an indoor office environment by using a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) configuration. The obtained results show that the method proposed outperforms the traditional SAGE algorithm in terms of MPCs estimation accuracy, convergence rate, and the extra capability of localizing scatterers involved in different bouncing order propagation paths. It is considered useful in environment sensing alike applications and makes the GA-SAGE an efficient and effective tool for the development of geometry-based stochastic channel models capable of reproducing channel realizations of the so-called spatial consistency or spatial non-stationarity, which are the basis for the design of transmission technologies using extremely-large antenna array (ELAA) for 5G and beyond.

With the rapid development of the sixth generation (6G) communication systems, the extremely large antenna arrays (ELAAs) have attracted substantial attention in both academia and industry. As the array size increases, the so-called “near-field” effect, i.e. channel parameters varying with respect to the antenna’s position becomes evident. Conventional channel models fail to describe such effects as the parameters of multi-path components (MPCs) specified in these models are fixed regardless of array configuration. Due to the mismatch between the constant MPC assumption and the actual variant behavior observed, the parameterization of the models aiming to describe the spatial non-stationary channels cannot be conducted effectively. In order to mitigate the model mismatch and reproduce the channels with spatial non-stationarity specifically for ELAA applications, in this work, a novel measurement-based stochastic channel modeling method is proposed and applied to establishing Scatterer-based Spatial Channel Model (SSCM) that can be used to unify the far- and near-field models using spherical wave and generate the spatial non-stationary channels for ELAAs by integrating the traditional spatial channel model (SCM) with “clusters-of-scatterers (CoS)”. To establish the models based on measurements, the locations of first- and last-hop scatterers existing along propagation paths in a channel are estimated based on the spherical-wave assumption. A novel clustering algorithm is used to group the MPCs taking into account those scatterers’ locations. With a channel measurement campaign conducted using a$32\!\!\times \!\!32$Rx planar antenna array at carrier frequency of 10 GHz, exemplary SSCMs are established. The SSCM is capable of reproducing the parts of the environment influencing wave propagation, and therefore can be used for the research of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) applications.

The Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) band wireless data center networks (DCNs) are promising to provide high data rates and low latency for next-generation cloud applications. However, one research gap that is still existed is the lack of measurement data and thorough characterization of the THz wave propagation in data centers. To address this problem, in this paper, two sets of measurement campaigns are conducted in a data center scenario at 130–140 GHz band, by using a vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder system with different receiver heights. The measured data is further processed to extract the multi path components (MPCs) and classify the MPCs into clusters. Furthermore, the channel characteristics, including the path loss, shadow fading, K-factor, delay and angular spreads are calculated and analyzed. Clustering results and MPCs propagation are analyzed and examined in light of the real geometry in the data center. Interestingly, comparison with measured results in meeting room scenarios at 140 GHz shows that the reflections and scattering from metal racks in the data center are more significant, resulting in lower path loss, smaller K-factor, and larger delay spreads. The measured results in this work substantiate guidelines for system design of THz wireless DCNs.

The TeraHertz (THz) band, spanning the spectrum from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, is envisioned as a key technology in the next generation mobile communication systems. However, the much higher frequencies in the THz band prevents the effective utilization of channel models dedicated for microwave or millimeter-wave frequency bands. To address this problem, numerous measurement campaigns are needed to fully investigate the characteristics of the THz channels. In this paper, a measurement campaign is conducted in an indoor corridor scenario at 306-321 GHz with a frequency-domain Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)-based sounder. The measured data are further processed to obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) and power-delay-angle profile (PDAP), based on which the multipath components (MPCs) are further extracted. Furthermore, the MPCs are clustered using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm and the clusters are matched with propagation paths by considering the real geometry. Moreover, the channel characteristics, including the path loss, delay spread, angular spreads, and cluster parameters are calculated and analyzed. The resulting numerology is helpful to guide system design for THz communications.

The TeraHertz (THz) band (0.1-10 THz), which supports terabit-per-second (Tbps) data rates, has been envisioned as one of the promising spectrum bands for ultra-broadband sixth-generation (6G) communications. In this paper, an angular-resolvable ultra-wideband channel measurement campaign in an indoor L-shaped hallway at 306-321 GHz is presented, by using a frequency-domain vector network analyzer (VNA)-based channel sounder. In particular, four points in the line-of-sight (LoS) case and nine points in the non-line-of-sight (NLoS) case are measured, with a directional antenna equipped at the receiver (Rx) side to resolve multi-path components (MPCs) in the angular domain. The multi-path propagation in the L-shaped hallway in the THz band is elaborated in terms of power delay angular profiles (PDAPs), based on the multi-path component distance (MCD)-based Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. Indoor THz channel characteristics are analyzed in depth. Specifically, the path loss exponents (PLEs) of the LoS case are 1.7222 for the best direction and 1.3910 for the omni-directional path losses. Moreover, in the LoS case, the average logarithmic values of root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread (DS) and azimuth spread of angle (ASA) are -7.7464 and 1.52, while the NLoS case yields larger average RMS DS and ASA of -7.5501 and 1.68, respectively. Besides, the cluster delay difference follows an exponential distribution, for which the average values of cluster delay difference are 37.15 ns in the LoS and 22.59 ns in the NLoS case.

Channel hardening in massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems is a hot research field that needs investigation. As the number of antennas increases, channel starts to behave deterministically and small-scale fading decreases. This is called hardening phenomenon. Since there is a lack of real world study of the hardening effect in massive MIMO channels, this paper aims at investigating channel hardening in an outdoor real-world scenario by using a linear double polarized transmitting antenna array and a cylindrical dual polarized receiving array. Measurements are performed in two different routes and hardening is analyzed in terms of different polarization combinations and different antenna subsets by fixing the transmitter or receiver and using coefficient of variation (CV2) as a metric. The results show that in terms of getting more pronounced hardening, it is more beneficial to fix the position of the transmitting antenna along the array. Selecting a certain subset of antennas, it can be observed that channel does not soften. This gives rise to the possibility of using antenna selection algorithms. For achieving the same hardening level, more antennas are needed in the Line of Sight (LoS) scenario since the channel is shown to experience more hardening in Non-Line of Sight (NLoS) scenario. Furthermore, it is shown that polarization has little impact in the channel hardening of a NLoS scenario. These results are very important from the point of view of network operators.

The electromagnetic information theory (EIT) is a general methodology framework, which should be able to achieve the wireless network design and performance analysis. Its one of the main objective is exploring how to increase spectral efficiency of the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication. The array arrangements, mutual-coupling effects between antennas, and antenna radiation characteristics may play important roles. Therefore, the electromagnetic (EM) theory will be a non-negligible analysis tool in the EIT. In this paper, we present an electromagnetic information methodology (EIM) combining the EM theory with information theory for the fast and accurate MIMO channel analysis. This methodology decouples MIMO antenna arrays with propagation environments, of which advantages are as follows: 1) for channel analysis of variable MIMO array arrangements, it avoids inefficient recalculation of complex and large-scale propagation environments; 2) It can determine the antenna radiation characteristics that achieves capacity maximization for the given propagation scenario; 3) The EM computation techniques can be applied in this framework, which makes the methodology more practical.

TeraHertz (THz) communications are envisioned as a promising technology, owing to its unprecedented multi-GHz bandwidth. One fundamental challenge when moving to new spectrum is to understand the science of radio propagation and develop an accurate channel model. In this paper, a wideband channel measurement campaign between 130 GHz and 143 GHz is conducted in an office room. The channel measurement campaign in the office room scenario consists of three cases: 1) LoS case in the office area 2) Line-of-Sight (LoS) case in the hallway and 3) NLoS case. Directional antennas are utilized and rotated for resolving the multi-path components (MPCs) in the angular domain. With careful system calibration that eliminates system errors and antenna effects, realistic power delay angular profiles (PDAP) are developed. In light of the measurement results, channel parameters and insights in the THz indoor channel are comprehensively analyzed, including the path loss, delay spread, angular, and correlations among the channel parameters. Furthermore, the propagation of NLoS multipath components (MPCs) in the office room scenario and its impact on the THz channel are discussed and compared with the channel measurement in the meeting at 140 GHz. Our analysis shows that the MPCs that reflect from the partitions dominate in NLoS propagation in office room.

In this paper, the channel modeling for integrated sensing and communication for 6G systems are studied. The channel modeling approaches, requirements, and challenges for communication cases and sensing cases are summarized and discussed. In particular, a 3-D metallic test chart is designed as a reference for studying electromagnetic imaging quality. The deterministic channel modeling approaches, i.e., geometrical optics method, physical optics method, and integral equation method, are introduced to simulate the imaging channel of the designed 3-D test chart. And the electromagnetic inverse scattering method is adopted as an imaging tool. The test is experimentally measured by 140 GHz signal with horn antennas in a chamber. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is applied to assess the imaging quality numerically, and the simulated and measured images are compared, which suggests that the imaging by integral equation is in agreement very well with that of measurement for 3-D test chart, and the geometric optics and physical optics methods can only show the characteristics of 2-D optical imaging.

TeraHertz (THz) communications are envisioned as a promising technology, owing to its unprecedented multi-GHz bandwidth. One fundamental challenge when moving to new spectrum is to understand the science of radio propagation and develop an accurate channel model. In this paper, a wideband channel measurement campaign between 130 GHz and 143 GHz is investigated in a typical meeting room. Directional antennas are utilized and rotated for resolving the multi-path components (MPCs) in the angular domain. With careful system calibration that eliminates system errors and antenna effects, a realistic power delay profile is developed. Furthermore, a combined MPC clustering and matching procedure with ray-tracing techniques is proposed to investigate the cluster behavior and wave propagation of THz signals. In light of the measurement results, physical parameters and insights in the THz indoor channel are comprehensively analyzed, including the line-of-sight path loss, power distributions, temporal and spatial features, and correlations among THz multi-path characteristics. Finally, a hybrid channel model that combines ray-tracing and statistical methods is developed for THz indoor communications. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid channel model shows good agreement with the measurement and outperforms the conventional statistical and geometric-based stochastic channel model in terms of the temporal-spatial characteristics.

This paper presents a measurement-based analysis of 39 GHz millimeter wave (mm-wave) radio propagation through vegetation using an ultra-wideband (UWB) channel sounder. The measurement campaign was conducted in a suburban area on campus of Tongji University, Shanghai, China. Two different kinds of measurements were performed to investigate the foliage influence on the characteristics of radio propagation in the mm-wave bands. A direction-scan sounding (DSS) approach was used in the measurements aiming to explore the vegetation attenuation as well as dispersive characteristics of the propagation channel. Approximately 6.7 to 8.7 dB single-tree attenuation and 1.86 to 2.23 dB/m vegetation attenuation were observed at the so-called boresight aligned direction (BAD) of a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx). The presence of vegetation leads to dispersion in delay and angular domains. Both delay spread and azimuth of arrival spread were proportional to the number of trees existing between the Tx and the Rx. Measurements with the purpose of investigating the relationship between the foliage loss and Tx/Rx distances away from trees were also conducted.

The indoor hotspot propagation loss has been investigated for several frequency bands from 3.5 GHz to 73 GHz. The measurement campaigns were conducted in multiple different indoor offices world-wide. Analysis of these measurements reveals a number of underlying physical phenomena affecting the propagation behavior. A "Multi-zone propagation" concept is introduced to aid classification and analysis of the millimeter wave specific propagation characteristics. The propagation zones are indicative of differing interaction of the mm-Wave signals with the details of the environment. Many very close range measurements follow a free space propagation phenomenon. For longer LOS propagation, a waveguide propagation zone can be observed. For NLOS propagation, at least two scattering propagation zones can be observed. Together, understanding the environment and the multiple modes of propagation aids the coverage analysis for system deployments.

Spatial consistency is identified as an important feature for fifth generation (5G) channel model. In this paper, a geometry stochastic approach for spatial consistency is presented under the framework of spatial channel model. The extended stochastic channel model (SCM) realizes large-scale parameters(LSPs) and small- scale parameters (SSPs) in a continuous and realistic manner as a function of position. Channel measurements at 73 GHz are taken in an outdoor scenario, where correlation distances are analyzed, and observation on spatial consistency is found. Simulations of the extended channel model verify that the channel realizations can well present the properties of spatial consistency and match our measurements.