The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked unprecedented innovation alongside complex societal risks, such as privacy violations, systemic biases, and operational failures. In response, nations including the UK, US, and Japan have established AI Safety Institutes (AISI) to address these challenges and contribute to cohesive global AI governance. This paper examines the institutional frameworks, risk management strategies, and governance approaches of these institutes, providing insights into their unique contributions to global AI governance. The findings highlight diverse institutional frameworks, risk management strategies, and shared priorities in fostering ethical AI deployment. Furthermore, actionable recommendations are proposed for South Korea as it embarks on establishing its own AISI, aligning with global best practices while addressing domestic priorities.

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in military decision-making is becoming increasingly important, and it can enhance efficiency and accuracy while strengthening safety. This study analyzes the potential application of military AI and the major challenges that arise from it and suggests solutions and policy considerations. AI has potential applications in various fields such as reconnaissance, combat support, cybersecurity, and military training, and this technology can play a key role in securing military superiority. However, military AI faces problems such as lack of transparency, vulnerability to adversarial attacks, lack of data, and lack of legal regulations and international cooperation. To solve these problems, it is essential to develop explainable AI technology, establish data supplementation strategies, establish international ethical standards and legal regulations, and strengthen international cooperation. This paper discusses the application and development direction of military AI and seeks ways for AI technology to be used responsibly. Through this, we hope that AI technology can contribute to promoting peace and security.

In the modern digital era, data has emerged as a vital resource that influences every aspect of the global economy, society, politics, and culture. This study explores the emergence of the “Data Cold War,” marked by intensified global competition over data control and protection. The United States, China, and the European Union are each adopting unique data strategies-namely data liberalism, digital protectionism, and data mutualism-which are transforming the international landscape and influencing global economic and political dynamics. While the U.S. promotes free data flow and market-driven innovation, it faces challenges with inconsistent personal data protection and diminishing international trust. China enforces strong state-led data governance to reinforce data sovereignty, leading to conflicts with international trade norms and hindering sustainable innovation. The EU seeks to balance personal data protection with data utilization through robust regulations like the GDPR but struggles with concerns that strict rules may impede innovation, especially among small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). This study highlights the importance of establishing global data governance by creating shared principles and standards that enable the free flow of data while safeguarding data sovereignty and protecting personal information. Strengthening international cooperation and building trust-based multilateral dialogue are essential for reaching consensus on data governance. Such efforts offer opportunities to achieve sustainable development of the global digital economy by collaboratively balancing data sovereignty, personal data protection, and data mobility.