We present an approach to more sustainable organising and facilitating of data physicalization workshops, via the creation of the ZeroWaste PhysKit — a data physicalization kit that can be used across multiple workshops without either loss of materials or the production of waste. We outline the practices we employed in the creation of the kit, which constitute a novel approach to sustainable physicalization, as well as reflections based on three case studies, to prompt discussion and facilitate replication and iteration by other practitioners and researchers.

In the physical world, the force required to interact with an object provides rich information about its material properties and intended use: some objects deform easily when force is applied (e.g. a pillow) while others resist our attempts (e.g. a spring). Recent advances in haptic technology support integrating force modalities into interactive surfaces, presenting novel ways to convey material properties and create engaging experiences. However, little is known about how people perceive and interpret surface-based force interactions. To address this, we designed the Transforcer, a device generating normal, shear, and rotational forces, and studied user perceptions in different scenarios. Our findings show that force is experienced as a multi-layered interaction: bodily perception grounds interpretation, material qualities convey intent and control, and meaningful interactions emerge when body, task, and system align. We contribute (i) a design space of surface-based force interactions; (ii) the design and implementation of the Transforcer; (iii) findings from a semi-structured interview study; and (iv) design recommendations.

Against the backdrop of a growing concern with environmental sustainability across HCI research and design, TEI'24 was the first version of the conference to include a sustainability chair. In conjunction with this increasing interest in sustainability, we organised a Studio at TEI'24 to engage the community in a conversation about the sustainability of conferences by using data physicalizations to mediate this discussion. In a one-day Studio, the organisers and attendees constructed two large-scale input physicalizations that were deployed at the conference venue to collect data around conference sustainability from TEI attendees. In this pictorial, we present the outcomes of this Studio, including the two input physicalizations and the collected data. We offer a description of the strategies we employed to design in a more sustainable way, as well as reflections on input physicalizations and the opportunities and challenges they present for facilitating data-driven dialogue.

The force modality fundamentally transforms the interaction space of traditional touch input. When paired with compliant devices, which deform under force and provide immediate haptic feedback, there is potential to enhance user interactions significantly. However, the effects of compliance on force-input remain under-explored, with limited understanding of their full potential. This article presents the first systematic investigation of the impact of deformable, movable, and rigid surfaces on user performance and experience through three rigorous studies (each N = 28). The results reveal previously unreported effects, including (1) higher maximum comfortable forces on deformable surfaces, (2) user preference for soft and deformable surfaces over rigid surfaces, and (3) improved ability to maintain force input on softer surfaces. These results highlight the benefits of compliant surfaces, contrasting with the dominant use of force-input on rigid devices. These findings guide researchers and designers in optimizing user experience and performance of force-input interactions.

Surfaces with deformable and shape-changing properties seek to enhance and diversify tangible interactions with computing systems. However, we currently lack fundamental knowledge and user interface design principles that connect the inherent properties of deformable shapes with our human senses and cognitive associations. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically explored deformable shapes’ cross-modal correspondences (CC) with colours and emotions. In our CC study, 52 participants were presented with deformable shape stimuli that varied in stiffness and angularity. They were asked to associate these stimuli with colours and emotions under (i) visuo-tactile and; (ii) tactile-only conditions. For the first time, our findings reveal (1) how stiffness level primarily influences the CC associations and; (2) that stiffness and angularity play a significant role in CC associations over the visibility of the shapes. The results were distilled into design guidelines for future deformable, shape-changing interfaces that engage specific human senses and responses.

Against the backdrop of a climate crisis, HCI researchers and designers are reflecting upon, reconsidering, and re-imagining the work that we do through the lens of sustainability. In this Studio, we propose to adopt this critical perspective to Sustainable HCI through an examination and reflection on the environmental impact of research conferences. Our Studio builds upon our prior work that explored sustainable methods and toolkits for facilitating data physicalization workshops. We apply the tools and strategies developed through this prior work within a Studio in which participants are facilitated to engage with, reflect upon, and create with data relating to the sustainability of HCI conferences such as Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction (TEI). Through the creation of data artefacts that can be displayed, worn, or shared throughout the conference beyond the Studio, we aim to spark wider conversations about the environmental sustainability of TEI2024, as well as HCI conferences more generally.

Data physicalizations embody a fascinating intersection of design, technology, and data, where physical artifacts encode information through their geometry or material properties (Jansen et al. 201...

Aparticipatory data physicalization, or PDP, is a physical visualization that allows people to physically participate in the creation of the visualization, by directly encoding their data. PDPs offer a way to engage a community with data of personal relevance that otherwise would be intangible. However, their design space has only begun to be explored, and most prior work shows relatively simple encoding rules. Therefore, we present a design exploration of different ways of faceting contributed data: by week, day, or person. Specifically, we designed Edo, a PDP that allows a small community to contribute their data to a physical visualization showing the climate impact of their dietary choices. In this pictorial, we elaborate on the design process of Edo and reflect on the findings of a three-week deployment of different layouts of Edo. Fabrication instructions and data are available under CC-BY 4.0 at osf.io/q5fr6.

We are in the middle of a climate crisis. Never before has the impact of climate change been this visible, problematic, and timely. While most people have a basic awareness of the enormous potential impact of climate change, the reality is that only a few people have a detailed understanding of how their own (combined) personal activities – including food, transport, energy – impact the climate. In this pictorial, we explore the design process and principles of a data sculpture – Ecorbis – that is designed to help people reflect on how their day-to-day activities translate to climate impact. Ecorbis provides abstract and numerical weekly feedback on the overall environmental behavior of households and allows for in situ reflection and comparison. We conducted an initial 8-day field study with two families that highlighted that Ecorbis raised environmental awareness on climate impact and that the layered design of Ecorbis facilitated reflection.

Physicalizations represent data through their tangible and material properties. In contrast to screen-based visualizations, there is currently very limited understanding of how to label or annotate physicalizations to support people in interpreting the data encoded by the physicalization. Because of its spatiality, contextualization through labeling or annotation is crucial to communicate data across different orientations. In this paper, we study labeling approaches as part of the overall construction process of bar chart physicalizations. We designed a toolkit of physical tokens and paper data labels and asked 16 participants to construct and contextualize their own data physicalizations. We found that (i) the construction and contextualization of physicalizations is a highly intertwined process, (ii) data labels are integrated with physical constructs in the final design, and (iii) these are both influenced by orientation changes. We contribute with an understanding of the role of data labeling in the creation and contextualization of physicalizations.

Likert-style questionnaires and surveys are commonly used tools for research. To alleviate survey-fatigue, researchers have explored gamification routes to increase engagement and lower drop-outs. However, these attempts still rely on direct use of questionnaire text and focus on creating engagement around the actual activity and do not fully alleviate the challenges of filling survey. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach involving the use of a serious game to capture user responses through in-game activities rather than direct questions. We chose the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and explored the design challenges of creating a serious game which deploys a sub-sample of the FCQ questions as four mini-game activities. The player actions and decisions are used to compute a result which is compared with their FCQ responses. We demonstrate the method to evaluate the equivalence of game results to the questionnaire responses. We discuss how future serious games can be designed and evaluated to generate similar outcomes while avoiding potential pitfalls through design and analysis.

The standard definition for “physicalizations” is “a physical artifact whose geometry or material properties encode data” [47]. While this working definition provides the fundamental groundwork for conceptualizing physicalization, in practice many physicalization systems go beyond the scope of this definition as they consist of distributed physical and digital elements that involve complex interaction mechanisms. In this article, we examine how “physicalization” is part of a broader ecology—the “physecology”—with properties that go beyond the scope of the working definition. Through analyzing 60 representative physicalization papers, we derived six design dimensions of a physecology: (i) represented data type, (ii) way of information communication, (iii) interaction mechanisms, (iv) spatial input–output coupling, (v) physical setup, and (vi) audiences involved. Our contribution is the extension of the definition of physicalization to the broader concept of “physecology,” to provide conceptual clarity on the design of physicalizations for future work.

Composite data physicalizations allow for the physical reconfiguration of data points, creating new opportunities for interaction and engagement. However, there is a lack of understanding of people’s strategies and behaviors when directly manipulating physical data objects. In this paper, we systematically characterize different reconfiguration strategies using six exemplar physicalizations. We asked 20 participants to reorganize these exemplars with two levels of restriction: changing a single data object versus changing multiple data objects. Our findings show that there were two main reconfiguration strategies used: changes in proximity and changes in atomic orientation. We further characterize these using concrete examples of participant actions in relation to the structure of the physicalizations. We contribute an overview of reconfiguration strategies, which informs the design of future manually reconfigurable and dynamic composite physicalizations.

While there is a strong relationship between climate change and human food consumption, it is challenging to understand the implications and impact from an individual perspective. The lack of a shared frame of reference, that allows people to compare their impact to others, limits awareness on this complex topic. To support group reflections and social comparison of the impact of people's food consumption on climate change, we designed Econundrum, a shared physical data sculpture that visualizes carbon emissions resulting from dietary choices of a small community. Our three-week field study demonstrates how Econundrum helped people (i) understand the climate impact of various food types, (ii) reflect on the environmental impact of their food choices; and (iii) discuss the relation between climate impact and food consumption with others. Our study shows how a shared physical data sculpture mediates a complex topic to a community by facilitating the social dynamics in context.

As physicalizations encode data in their physical 3D form, the orientation in which the user is viewing the physicalization may impact the way the information is perceived. However, this relation between user orientation and perception of physical properties is not well understood or studied. To investigate this relation, we conducted an experimental study with 20 participants who viewed 6 exemplars of physicalizations from 4 different perspectives. Our findings show that perception is directly influenced by user orientation as it affects (i) the number and type of clusters, (ii) anomalies and (iii) extreme values identified within a physicalization. Our results highlight the complexity and variability of the relation between user orientation and perception of physicalizations.