Current diffusion model-based image captioning methods generally focus on generating descriptions in a non-autoregressive manner. Nevertheless, it is not trivial to employ such generative models to control the generation of discrete words while pursuing the balance between diversity and accuracy. Inspired by the success of continuous diffusions in image captioning, we introduce the Part-of-Speech (POS) information and classifier-free guidance into the diffusion model, and propose a novel controllable image captioning model, namely POS-Conditional Diffusion Networks (POSCD-Net), which consists of a Diffusion-based POS Generator (DPG) and a Diffusion-based Caption Generator (DCG). The DPG is built to produce diverse syntactic structures for each input image. The diverse POS sequences are further regarded as the control signals of the DCG, which produces the output sentences in a conditional diffusion process. In the DCG, a syntactic control module (SCM) is designed to strengthen the alignment progressively between words and the corresponding POS tags in a cascaded manner. Furthermore, to improve the controllability of POSCD-Net, the classifier-free guidance with learnable parameters is exploited to jointly optimize both the DPG and DCG in a non-autoregressive manner. Extensive experiments on the MSCOCO dataset demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art non-autoregressive counterparts and achieves promising performance compared with the autoregressive models.

In this paper, a multi-user cooperative game is proposed to stimulate selfish user nodes to participate in cooperative relaying in wireless ad hoc networks. Without using the traditional reputation-mechanisms or pricing-mechanisms, we resort to the resource-exchange mechanism by assuming a source node could reward the relaying nodes by, in return, forwarding data that are originated from these relaying nodes. Then the cooperation stimulating problem can be formulated as a multi-player cooperative bargaining game. We prove that there exists a unique Nash bargaining solution (NBS) of the game and propose a fast Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) algorithm to solve the NBS. Simulation results show that the NBS-based incentive strategy achieves social optimality, i.e., all cooperative nodes could achieve significant rate-gains in comparison with direct transmission. Moreover, the relaying nodes could also get fairness rewards by the source node according to the level of contribution that they have made to improve the performance of the source node.