We introduce the Korean Grammar Evaluation BenchMark (KoGEM), designed to assess the linguistic competence of LLMs and humans in Korean.KoGEM consists of 1.5k multiplechoice QA pairs covering five main categories and 16 subcategories.The zero-shot evaluation of 27 LLMs of various sizes and types reveals that while LLMs perform remarkably well on straightforward tasks requiring primarily definitional knowledge, they struggle with tasks that demand the integration of realworld experiential knowledge, such as phonological rules and pronunciation.Furthermore, our in-depth analysis suggests that incorporating such experiential knowledge could enhance the linguistic competence of LLMs.With Ko-GEM, we not only highlight the limitations of current LLMs in linguistic competence but also uncover hidden facets of LLMs in linguistic competence, paving the way for enhancing comprehensive language understanding.Our code and dataset are available at

We introduce Basic, Tiniest Subword (BTS) units for the Korean language, which are inspired by the invention principle of Hangeul, the Korean writing system.Instead of relying on 51 Korean consonant and vowel letters, we form the letters from BTS units by adding strokes or combining them.To examine the impact of BTS units on Korean language processing, we develop a novel BTSbased word embedding framework that is readily applicable to various models.Our experiments reveal that BTS units significantly improve the performance of Korean word embedding on all intrinsic and extrinsic tasks in our evaluation.In particular, BTS-based word embedding outperforms the state-of-theart Korean word embedding by 11.8% in word analogy.We further investigate the unique advantages provided by BTS units through indepth analysis.Our code is available at https: //github.com/irishev/BTS.