The article presents the problems of introducing RFID technology in the didactic process of technical schools in the field of automation and industrial robotics. A cheap, microprocessor-based authoring system based on RFID systems operating at the 13.56 MHz frequency standard is proposed. The developed system cooperates with the MPS500 assembly and production line model from FESTO and MELFA industrial robots from Mitsubishi. A data exchange interface between the microprocessor system and the PLC system operating at the 24 VDC standard is proposed and implemented. Examples of the implementation of the data exchange interface for the Ladder Diagram language are presented, as well as the results obtained in terms of the load of the program memory and data memory for Siemens S7-1200 controllers.

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a huge role in today’s businesses and continues to adapt to changes in the market. Its use in the logistics industry is gradually increasing. AI brings with it many opportunities, but also risks. The aim of this article is to assess the use of artificial intelligence in logistics information systems. The research problem was formulated: to what extent do companies use AI in logistics information systems. The research gap concerns the use of AI in warehouse management through the WMS module, enterprise logistics through the use of ERP AI and SCM. Evaluating the implementation of AI and integrating logistics with WMS, ERP, SCM with AI can bring significant benefits to businesses, including increased productivity, better decision-making and improved competitiveness. However, implementing these technologies requires careful planning, coordination and attention to detail, such as integration complexity, data quality, resistance to change, security and privacy concerns, cost and skills shortages.

The protection of critical infrastructure is increasingly challenged by evolving cyber threats and sophisticated attack methods. Traditional technical security systems, such as access control, alarm systems, and power supply monitors, often rely on outdated technologies and isolated data, limiting their ability to address modern risks or provide predictive insights. The SAFEGUARD project addresses these limitations by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into the digital transformation of security infrastructure. This paper presents a strategic framework for AI/ML adoption in critical infrastructure protection, including a 10-point plan for secure implementation. It explores the use of machine learning, natural language processing, and deep learning to enhance threat detection and system resilience, while also acknowledging associated risks and implementation challenges. A pilot study demonstrates how combining data from legacy systems (e.g., UPS, access control, CCTV, HVAC) with AI models can enable predictive analytics, improving detection of security incidents and operational anomalies. The results indicate enhanced risk awareness, faster incident response, and proactive maintenance capabilities. The paper concludes with key insights and outlines future directions for scaling the SAFEGUARD approach.

Before constructing new factories or warehouses, companies evaluate a range of internal and external factors, including production layout, storage capacity, material flow, and facility location. To aid these decisions, advanced simulation tools like FlexSim software are utilized to create digital twins—detailed digital models that replicate the structure and functioning of a facility. This study used FlexSim to analyze three variants of a production process, all with identical machine efficiency and fixed parameters. The objective was to identify the most efficient solution by examining how to maximize output, configure storage and operators to mitigate bottlenecks, and assess the workload and efficiency of process elements. The results revealed significant efficiency differences, with Variant 3 emerging as the most optimal solution, achieving the highest production efficiency. Bottlenecks in storage points were identified as the primary issue in Variants 1 and 2. The analysis also highlighted machine idle time as a factor contributing to inefficiency.

One of the biggest problems of the modern world is geopolitical instability, which is manifested in the constantly emerging sources of international inflammatory conflicts. The crisis situation affects not only the mutual relations between communities, but also leaves its mark on financial markets, including real estate markets around the world. This topic became the inspiration to check and verify the state of threats to the coastal real estate market of the South Baltic, where Polish real estate is located. The main objective of the article is to show the impact of military threats on the attractiveness of the Polish coastal real estate market. The research problem in the article is specified in the form of a question: Do military threats affect the attractiveness of Polish coastal areas? The research hypothesis of the study is specified in the form of a statement that: contemporary military threats have a significant impact on the attractiveness of the coastal real estate market and are inversely proportional to the current investment tendencies of people. The article analyzes military threats in the Baltic Sea area, preceded by a review of literature resources and data from online resources. Secondary analysis of literature sources and statistical data was also performed. This method allowed for the analysis of military threats in the Baltic Sea area. Then, thanks to the use of the case study method, the main military threats and their impact on the coastal real estate market were classified. The simulation of military threats affecting the coastal market presented in the work, using a cartographic base with a generated heat map, is an innovative approach to issues related to valuation forecasts in situations of uncertainty, for which the stability feature should be key in estimating the value of real estate. The generated directionality of threats should also contribute to the verification of the spatial development planning system, including investments that currently do not include the aspect of military risk from a potential aggressor.

The concept of the smart port has become a strategic response to the growing complexity of global maritime logistics and the need for sustainable, efficient, and technology-driven operations. This paper examines the digital transformation of Poland’s three largest seaports—Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Szczecin–Świnoujście—in the context of implementing smart port technologies. The study presents an overview of national and European policy frameworks supporting port digitalization and analyzes specific technological solutions already in place. These include Port Community Systems (PCS), Terminal Operating Systems (TOS), real-time data integration platforms, predictive analytics, and automation tools. The findings demonstrate that Polish ports are increasingly adopting Industry 4.0 innovations to improve operational efficiency, cargo visibility, and environmental sustainability. The ports’ digital progress positions them as active players in the trans-European transport network and as emerging smart logistics hubs in the Baltic Sea region.

The aim of the article is to show how the implementation of artificial intelligence has influenced the development of the gaming industry, especially in terms of economy. The growing demand for games, the way of spending free time confirm the changing attitudes of society, and the growing needs, interests and expectations of customers. Among other things, these phenomena meant that in 2024 the gaming industry recorded an increase in the number of paying players by 5%, generating USD 1.50 billion in income, and the number of mobile games by 3%. This indicates the need to implement modern technologies in the industry to adapt to the trends of new stakeholders. The transformation is focused on broadly understood technological changes, in particular supported by the capabilities of artificial intelligence, which defines new directions of development of this industry and significantly affects efficiency and the labor market [1]. The trends presented in the article indicate emerging development opportunities both in the technical and technological aspect, as well as in the organizational or personal aspect of the gaming industry.

Magnetic levitation technology is widely used in various engineering applications, including transportation, industrial automation, and precision systems. A major challenge in controlling magnetic levitation systems is ensuring stability and precise positioning amidst nonlinear electromagnetic interactions and external disturbances. The PID controller plays a fundamental role in regulating the electromagnetic forces required for levitation. This study focuses on optimizing the PID controller for controlling a magnetic levitation system. The research examines mathematical modelling, simulation techniques, and experimental validation to enhance stability and precision. A comprehensive analysis of magnetostatic simulations and heuristic tuning methods is performed to improve control efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that optimized PID tuning significantly improves the stability and responsiveness of the levitation system. The findings contribute to advancing control engineering by providing practical guidelines for refining PID control in dynamic and nonlinear environments.

The article presents the possibility of using reverse engineering in the protection of cultural heritage. As an example, the stages of reconstructing a destroyed artifact - the PTR Szołochow anti-tank rifle - are presented. The work carried out at the Koszalin University of Technology included scanning the object using EinScan H2 device, preparing a computer model based on the metal parts of the weapon and printing the missing elements using the Fused Deposition Modeling process. Due to the size of the artifact, the Stratasys F770 printer was used for 3D printing. Acrylic Styrene Acrylonitrile filament was chosen because of high strength and resistance to ultraviolet radiation of the material.

The article evaluates the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and telematics technologies in the insurance sales process carried out by intermediaries, and examines their impact on financial performance. IoT and telematics-alongside technologies such as blockchain and Big Data-represent some of the most significant tools in the digital transformation of insurance distribution. IoT and telematics enable the collection of essential insurance-related data through the use of mobile applications. As a result, insurance sales processes can become more efficient, leading to increased sales revenue and improved effectiveness of insurance intermediaries. The aim of the article is to simulate the insurance sales process using telematics and IoT technologies in an insurance agent’s office and to assess the impact of the results on the financial situation of insurance intermediaries. The simulation process was carried out using the free version of FlexSim 2024 software. The simulation results demonstrated the positive impact of implementing new technologies in the form of IoT-based applications. These solutions improved intermediary efficiency, increased the number of insurance policies concluded, and consequently had a positive influence on the financial performance of both insurance companies and agents. However, it should be noted that alongside the increase in revenue for insurance companies, there will also be a rise in costs related to the payment of due commissions to intermediaries and additional employees, which may, in turn, reduce the overall profitability of business operations.

In the paper there are presented and discussed problems of applying the analytical techniques to extract required information from discrete biometric signal. In particular, there are presented results of research on a method to analyze the human body physical activity recording. The research is aimed to determine factors of body movement in three-dimensional space that can be used to detect selected situations, especially the dangerous ones, such as falls. In particular, there is analyzed whether the Poincaré plot-based statistical filtration can be effectively used as the analytical apparatus to detect potentially hazardous situations. Such research results are not publicly available and obtaining and publishing it will allow for designing and constructing the high-efficiency and low-cost microprocessor systems to detect and help to avoid the dangerous situations. Changes in age structure of contemporary societies are briefly discussed as the background and motivation for research. A review of human body activity monitoring techniques in terms of fall detection is presented, and analysis of such a signal is formalized. Auxiliary signal transform and data measures are proposed, analytic technique is presented and example of results are given. Research results overview is presented and conclusion is drawn, future work directions are proposed.

The article presents results of the research on design of novel, low-cost and wide-applicable solution to support testing and simulation of the industrial automation and control systems, implemented on the platform of industrial PLC controllers and Human-Machine Interface (HMI) panels. The application is intended for systems that are common equipment of laboratories of mechatronics, robotics, automation control and similar in secondary schools, technical universities, research laboratories and so on. The presented system was designed, implemented and tested with use of SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-1200 PLC, KTP700 Basic HMI panel and Totally Integrated Automation Portal (V17). Hardware configuration of the testing system is proposed and block structure of the implemented software solution is presented. The procedures and results of preliminary tests examples based on simple sequences using linear displacements are described and discussed. The control task scheme is discussed and the simulation procedure is presented. The obtained results of simulation are discussed along with the load of the control task on the controller in terms of program memory and data memory occupancy. Further work areas on the presented topic are indicated.

The article presents evaluations of computer systems used in the field of logistics. It discusses the general functionality and benefits resulting from their use, as well as conclusions regarding the level of IT systems. The aim of the study is to present information technologies and compare them offered to companies, but also used by logistics operators. The article uses literature analysis and the method of comparative analysis of systems offered by enterprises and logistics operators. A historical outline and current development of the IT systems market are presented. Sustainable market development has forced trends related to IT, ecology and changes in supply chains. The comparative analysis presents similarities and differences in IT systems offered on the market. The article shows the possibilities of IT systems supporting the work of enterprises, from small enterprises to integrated supply chains. It discusses the importance of IT in logistics, presents types of systems from WMS and TMS to ERP, SAP and e-SCM, and their areas of application. There is an increasing demand for comprehensive supply chain solutions for mobile infrastructure networks, including for small, local enterprises and logistics management via internal and external networks. At the same time, investments at a global level among logistics operators will vary in terms of supply chain and market requirements, hence the constant requirement for new network infrastructure and a focus on improving IT networks. Selected technologies and solutions were presented that already exist or may play a significant role in the logistics sector in the future.

The article aims to present a system capable of managing emergency power systems in an automated, digital, precise, economical and environmentally friendly manner, ensuring continuity of energy supply. Modern technological progress has resulted in an increased demand for advanced security systems capable of processing data in real-time. As devices become more and more integrated with electronic data collection and processing systems, the importance of energy autonomy in securing these systems in emergencies increases. This challenge is particularly important for entities managing extensive and geographically dispersed technical infrastructure, such as telecommunications, services railways, pipeline maintenance and military operations. Ensuring energy autonomy for such enterprises requires periodic technical assessment of energy storage solutions, especially batteries.

Economic development is one of the most important directions of well-functioning municipalities. They are visible mainly in the efficient conduct of tenders and the implementation of new investments, which are a showcase of operational efficiency. This does not necessarily involve the construction of new houses or housing estates, but almost every time an investment is made related to a new shopping center and an intervention in an urbanized area, it is accompanied by a great social celebration. The aim of the article is to show the use of GIS systems to optimize the location of shopping centers in a quite intensively urbanized area, i.e. the Tri-City agglomeration, taking into account the movement of people. The article presents a geostatistical analysis of shopping centers, which focuses on the impact of the intensity of population movement in different directions. The research consisted of literature studies, including online studies, and the collection of spatial data related to the geolocation of shopping centers in the Tricity agglomeration. The analyzes included shopping centers which, after taking into account the square footage indicator, were grouped and merged in relation to the appropriate geodetic plot. The research results were developed in cartographic and descriptive form, taking into account elements of spatial interpolation. The study results confirmed the hypothesis that the location optimization of shopping centers is related to the high intensity of people moving around. During the research, it was found that the movement of people and cargo in a specific direction is the main determinant for making key decisions regarding the location of commercial investments.

The aim of the article is to show the use of geostatistical methods in estimating real estate in a quite intensively urbanized area. The article presents a geostatistical analysis of residential premises, which focuses on the impact of the differential terrain model on the value of residential real estate. The research carried out consisted of literature studies, including Internet data, and the collection of data that could be presented in the form of cartographic images using a spatial analysis tool. The analyzes included land properties with multi-unit buildings, which, after taking into account the terrain model, were generated on polygons taking into account the appropriate geodetic reference system. The research results were developed in cartographic and descriptive form, taking into account elements of spatial interpolation. The study results confirmed the hypothesis that the estimation of residential premises should take into account the differential terrain model. And this should certainly take place on the seaside real estate market, where the level of the premises and the visibility of the sea are crucial in the context of their value.

The growth of global trade increases the importance of ports but also poses new challenges for them. Nowadays innovative technology is transforming port world. It is a new era of intelligent ports, which use digitalization to improve not only their operations, but also to offer more efficient and sustainable services. The implementation of modern technologies significantly impacts the efficiency of sea port operations. Further growth of port operations makes digitalization a necessity. The article focuses on presenting selected examples of new technologies in one of the most important ports in the Baltic Sea basin– the Port of Gdynia. The aim of the article is to analyse projects of modern technologies implemented in the Port of Gdynia, which is moving towards Smart Port direction. The research consisted of literature studies, including online studies, and the collection of data related to port’s operations, such as transshipment volumes, structures and container transshipments. The article also discusses the smart port concept. The article utilizes analysis methods, mainly focusing on current analysis. The presented review of literature and source materials confirmed the lack of synthetic analysis of digitalization processes at Polish sea ports including the Port of Gdynia. This article does not exhaust the subject, but it is only a contribution to further discussion about the role of modern technologies in development of Polish sea ports. Moreover, innovative port activity is an interesting area for future analyses. Implementing innovative solutions is the beginning of achieving competitive position among the ports of the Baltic Sea basin.

The article discusses the design process and research of RFI filters in Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) measurements concerning conducted disturbances for an induction heater. In the simulation studies, the Simulink package of Matlab software was used to create computer models of the filters. The experimental studies utilized an artificial network HM 6050-2 by Hameg and a spectrum analyzer HMS 3000, allowing for precise analysis of signals in the frequency domain ranging from 150kHz to 30MHz, which was essential for assessing device compliance with EMC standards. This study introduces an innovative approach to designing RFI filters for an induction heater, focusing on the effectiveness of suppressing conducted disturbances. The novelty of the research lies in the application of a combination of low-pass filters and common-mode chokes with different parameters, which allowed for compliance with stringent EMC standards. The work examined ten different RFI filters, three of which showed satisfactory filtering characteristics. The first-order filters under study did not meet the standards; according to simulations and EMC tests, it was found that as the inductance of the filter’s common-mode choke increased, its falling edge became steeper. Significantly better results were achieved with two- and three-stage filters, where the serial connection of simple filters resulted in a substantial reduction of conducted disturbances and, consequently, compliance with stringent standards. The design solutions along with electromagnetic compatibility studies were discussed in the paper.

Logistic planning process is an important element of the Logistics 4.0 concept. Complexity of this process generates numerous attempts to improve the process. In the literature there is a wide range of methods and software that supports logistic planning. These are mostly specialized tools that do not holistically cover the issue of logistic planning in terms of the Logistics 4.0 concept. This paper presents the issues of logistic planning and illustrates them on examples through the usage of computer programs like FlexSim and LOGPLANNER.

Access to new technologies in the educational process and developing digital competences enabling critical and responsible use of digital technologies, including future professional work is a challenge for universities around the world. The aim of the article is to indicate the possibilities of using FlexSim® software in the educational process at technical universities. The ability of engineering staff to use simulation methods that reproduce real systems can significantly improve the logistics of processes implemented by enterprises, and thus increase the competitiveness of future graduates on the labor market. The article presents the possibilities of solving selected engineering problems using FlexSim® software and the results of a survey on the usefulness of the software conducted among students.

The article describes image processing, where a comparison of selected image segmentation algorithms for counting the number of objects in an image was performed. The comparison was performed on a real example of photographic images, taken under everyday conditions. The results obtained were verified for correctness and accuracy, for which purpose the Jaccard index was used. The comparison was performed using a proprietary tool implemented in Python.

This project aims to develop an innovative, open multi-domain early warning platform to monitor adverse events in water bodies and streams, such as salinity increase, acidification, temperature rise, chlorophyll content, etc. The platform involves monitoring dispersed measurement points, acquiring data from measurement stations in the form of autonomous buoys equipped with sensor sets tailored to individual needs. The platform enables remote and distributed monitoring of key locations in lakes and rivers for stakeholders, such as local governments, water managers, and businesses impacting water reservoirs. The open data aggregation system and the universal technological solution in the form of a measurement buoy will allow the acquisition of desired chemical and biological parameters, in line with the Water Framework Directive, using market-available and industry-recognized sensors. The planned buoy construction will accommodate both wired sensors directly connected to the measurement station and data acquisition from locally dispersed measurement points communicating wirelessly with the measurement station-buoy. With built-in machine learning and data analysis mechanisms, the platform will utilize a minimal number of measurement stations to achieve the desired level of data acquisition. The dispersion of sensors and the autonomy of measurement stations will ensure flexibility and scalability of measurements.

Making rational decisions in the area of Logistics 4.0 is difficult and often very complex due to the adopted priorities and assumed goals. Decisions on complex logistics problems refer to a wide spectrum of issues, taking into account organizational and technical solutions. In practice, these decisions are supported by specialized IT tools dedicated to the logistics industry. The aim of the article is to present tools that are practical in the decision-making process. In practical terms, the issue of planning the distribution of cargo in the transport process will be presented as an element of decisions made in complex logistics processes. The analyzed planning process will be based on the use of specialized IT tools based on 3D visualization.

Article on the use of information technology platforms for transportation systems integration (MaaS). The purpose is to analyze and evaluate the functionality of MaaS using the example of Basel as a city and region. The methods are systems analysis and a case study. The result is an analysis of the use of MaaS systems at four different levels as interstate, national, regional and city cooperation.

The article on the use of IT logistics systems by microenterprises. The purpose is to analyze and evaluate the functionality of logistics IT systems used by microenterprises in Middle Pomerania. The methods are a systems analysis and a diagnostic survey conducted using the CAWI method. The result is an analysis of the use of such software in microenterprises as ERP (54.55%) and SAP (72.73%), or WMS (43.55%), MES (34.36%) and TMS (45.45%) modules and their low evaluation of 2.63-3.78 and high evaluation of EDI functionality (4.09), as well as the use of 87.69%.

The article discusses a multi-criteria optimization algorithm, developed for the estimation of the quality of scientific activity. The presented solution is based on a modified knapsack algorithm, the novelty of the approach relies on extended data sorting – with splitting apparently equivalent data blocks. The criteria of the algorithm are based on the regulations in force in Poland, but it is possible to easily adapt the methodology to the requirements for scientists in other countries and for other tasks requiring multi-criteria optimization

This article discusses an application of the sliding mode control (SMC) in active suspension systems, with particular focus on its use in the mass-spring-damper (MSD) systems. The article highlights advantages of the SMC over traditional control methods, such as improved robustness and insensitivity to parameter variations. The use of active elements in the MSD systems, such as the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), is also discussed. The article presents the mathematical modeling of the MSD system and the development of the sliding mode controller. Simulation tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the system, and the results are presented by means of the power spectral density and transmission function. The article concludes that although chattering effect occurs in the proposed control system and the desired force is well reproduced in a horizontal seat suspension, a slight delay of the system response is presented. The results of this study suggest that the proposed SMC control strategy is a promising solution for improving the ride comfort and stability of seat suspension systems.

The article presents the control algorithm of the HRV unit which allows to obtain the balance of the supply and exhaust flows based on the tempera-tures measured at the heat exchanger. Based on experimental work, it has been proven that it is possible to balance air flows based on temperatures in any duct systems. It was also indicated that the ambient temperature of the HRV unit should be taken into account.

The article discusses the possibility of using smartwatches in transport companies. The popularity of the introduction of wearables among professional drivers will gradually eliminate the dangers associated with the use of smartphones while driving buses and trucks. Attention was also drawn to the possibilities of integrating the smartwatch with smartphones and using additional functions allowing to monitor the condition and health of a professional driver. Smartwatch will thus contribute to improving the quality of work performed among professional drivers by minimizing the risk of stress, falling asleep or dehydration, which in the past led to accidents and road collisions. The aim of the article is to present the potential of smartwatches in transport companies in Poland. The gradual introduction of smartwatches in companies and the popularization of smartwatches among professional drivers raises the question: Will the introduction of smartwatches in transport companies that enable monitoring of fitness and health improve the safety, efficiency and quality of work of professional drivers? The survey was conducted in 2012-2022 among non-financial companies, including companies from the TSL industry (small and medium-sized enterprises). The survey showed that Polish entrepreneurs are willing to equip their employees with mobile devices. For professional drivers, the smartwatch will become an economical and user-friendly solution that improves safety, efficiency and productivity of their field work.

The paper investigates the design and performance of an active horizontal seat suspension driven by an induction motor, with the aim of reducing harmful vibrations and enhancing energy efficiency. The physical model employs a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) as a modern actuator to generate the active force. Both passive and active seat suspensions are examined, revealing that the active system significantly reduces resonant vibration by applying electromagnetic torque from an induction motor. The motoring/braking principle is explored, where braking an induction motor returns electric energy to the servo drive system, and regenerative braking is utilized to charge batteries. However, the current regenerative braking system recovers only 3% of power. A novel control design methodology is proposed for the subsequent project to enhance suspension dynamics, attenuate vibrations transmitted to the human body, and minimize energy consumption during operation. The proposed energy-regenerative electromagnetic actuator model, in conjunction with advanced programmable micro-controller algorithms and inverter switching schemes, aims to optimize energy recuperation and vibration energy harvesting in the vibration reduction system.

The article focuses on the area of quality management in organizations within standardized management systems. The aim of the research was to identify and assess the effectiveness of standardized quality management systems in organizations in Central Pomerania using a logistic regression model. The source of data were the results of 2 surveys conducted among 1623 business entities of the Central Pomeranian region in Poland. The obtained results prove that the standardized management systems functioning in organizations are effective, which increases the likelihood of effective quality management in all areas of the activities of the surveyed organizations.

The article aims to examine the influence of various acoustic materials on the usable properties of headphones. Acoustic materials act as filters that modify the incident acoustic waves by attenuating specific frequency components of the acoustic signals. They can therefore be called acoustic filters because they affect the frequency response (bandwidth) of the headphones in question. Therefore, the choice of acoustic materials in headphones with a specific design can have a significant impact on their psychoacoustic properties. Calibrating your headphones is critical to ensure they don't amplify, attenuate or introduce any coloration to your frequencies. To address this problem, a dedicated test setup was designed and constructed to evaluate the frequency response of selected headphone models using seven different acoustic materials (acoustic filters). The final selection of the acoustic filter was made using an artificial neural network. The article presents the measurement methodology, and the obtained frequency response measurements were analyzed and compared.

The study aimed to design and then build a test station to measure the characteristics of headphones, where the effect of different acoustic materials used for filling the acoustic chamber was investigated. The first part of the paper provides a comparative review of existing commercial stations used to measure and determine the characteristics of headphones. The second part of the article presents the concept of the author's station, which was intended to be made using mainly a fast and efficient incremental method. Here, 3D printing was decided upon. Further on, the components of the built test station are described. A method of measurement was developed. Then the measured characteristics were presented, compared, and analyzed.

This paper presents an application for monitoring power systems in a Melex type vehicle. The application is intended to optimise the energy use of the modified hybrid drive system used on this vehicle. It was written in Python programming language and is used to display vehicle operating parameters on a touch screen located on the control panel. A system for monitoring voltages and currents, of the electrical part of the drive train of a Melex vehicle, was designed and built, together with a data acquisition system. Tests were carried out on the basis of the completed measuring system, a selected section of which is presented in this paper.

This paper proposes the author's design of a mobile robot intended for creating a two-dimensional map of the environment. The first part of the paper describes the scope of automated systems called robots. On this basis, the design assumptions of the author's robot were defined, the components used in the construction are shown, the operation of the Robot Operating System (ROS) and the packages used in this robot control system are presented. The main idea, which was to govern the project was its low manufacturing cost. Thus, the use of the optical system of the Kinect device. As a result. the operation of the algorithm controlling the robot via the ATmega328 microcontroller is demonstrated. The results of the experimental verification of the robot's performance are presented in the form of two-dimensional maps of the rooms in which the experiments were carried out.

The article is based on surveys carried out among students of selected technical universities in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Poland). It aims to determine students' knowledge of new tools such as ChatGPT, the use of which raises a discussion among the scientific community and beyond. According to some groups it can support learning, whereas others claim that it can limit problem-solving skills and creative thinking. Three hundred students of engineering and master's studies participated in the study. The results of the conducted research show the directions of the use of ChatGPT by students and their interest in this tool.

Tools for programmers are constantly evolving, and with that evolution comes tools that support their work, such as those that enable testing and analysis of program code. It is expected that tools integrated with programming environments will analyze code on the fly, and the results of the analysis will be available as soon as the program is compiled. This paper attempts to compare solutions for extracting object-oriented structure that begin the process of static source code analysis. Choosing the right solutions already at the beginning of static analysis, will affect the speed of the whole process as well as accuracy. And this will then affect the cost of programmers' work and the quality of the software tests performed.

Design of digital control systems is often based on use of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). Such devices offer a broad variety of functions that can be organized in blocks independently or in hierarchical structures. Such an organization can lead to cumulative delays in reaction time of digital outputs of the control system. In the paper there are described results of research aimed to determine dependencies of various aspects of designing programs for Programmable Logic Control devices influencing the effective time of reaction of digital outputs. Research method is presented, assumptions are made, and experiments are described and discussed. Observations of system behavior are presented for selected control tasks and different control situations. Research results are presented and discussed, conclusion is drawn, and areas of future work are identified.

The aim of this paper was to determine the roughness and Vickers hardness of popular composite materials used for direct tooth fillings. The tests were carried out on the surfaces of samples previously polished with traditional silicone polishing rubbers and discs used in dentistry. The testing methodology and software used for statistical analysis is important to the validity of engineering tests. Measurement systems use sophisticated computer algorithms that are part of the equipment. Analysis of measurement data requires very complex algorithms often based on artificial intelligence. A model and procedure were also prepared to simulate the composite itself under near real-world conditions.

The paper presents a procedure for creating a simulation model of the horizontal seat suspension system. At first, the physical model is proposed and then the non-linear characteristics of individual system components are described mathematically. The unknown model parameters are determined by means of the specific experiments that are performed in laboratory conditions. Finally, the vibration transmissibility behavior is investigated ensuring that the created simulation model is as close to the real vibro-isolation process as possible. The results of numerical research and experimental investigation are discussed in view of their potential interest in the development of vibration isolation systems used for protecting the human body against harmful vibrations. The proposed model should support the selection process of system components that significantly affect the vibro-isolation properties of horizontal seat suspensions.

The emerging concept of mechanical meta-materials has gained increasing attention in recent years, partly due to advances in additive manufacturing techniques (additive manufacturing, 3D printing) that have allowed the fabrication of materials with arbitrarily complex micro / nanostructures. The designed geometry of these structures gives rise to unprecedented or rare mechanical properties that can used to create advanced elements with new, unprecedented functions. This paper presents the method of prototyping a vibro-isolator made of a material that has the properties of storing and disposing of mechanical vibration energy and that can freely be shaped by modern manufacturing techniques. An example of a vibration isolator of the proprietary concept analyzed, using the concept of stepped and adding elements. The method is based on the use of two main tools. Mechanical properties verified by analyzing the frequency and mode of free vibrations of the prototype using the finite element method. The same CAD model of the vibro-isolator prototype produced by 3D printing. The paper presents one of the production techniques, which is 3D printing in SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) technology, and the SolidWorks and Comsol Multhiphysics software used in the CAD / CAE prototyping method.

Even though Industry 4.0 has entered another decade, this topic is still stirring interest, being implemented in more and more sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is not surprising that solutions based on Industry 4.0 are implemented in such a dynamic sector as pharmaceutics. But is it profitable and if yes, therefore to what extent? This brief paper tries to answer such question. The paper presents a conceptual model of transformation a traditional (classic) pharmaceutical factory into a smart one (with application of Industry 4.0 solutions). The proposed solutions allow to reduce production costs while increasing its efficiency thanks to robots, IoT solutions, sensors and RFID technology.

This article explores how advanced AR/VR technologies can be used in Industry 4.0. to integrate smart glasses and mobile device users into the augmented reality industry to accelerate work and data transfers in manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation companies in the United States. The aim of the article was to illustrate the potential of AR/VR technologies and modern IT systems that are increasingly being applied in the global market in the different sectors of the TSL sector. The introduction of such solutions raises the question: Will AR/VR technologies and IT systems introduced in companies be useful for every company in the US? Studies show a differentiated approach by US entrepreneurs to the opportunities.

In this paper a multi-degree of freedom model simulating biodynamic response of the seated human body is presented. The model consists of three masses connected by linear springs and dampers. The unknown model parameters are identified by means of the proposed optimisation procedure that minimises the error between numerically simulated and experimentally measured transmissibility functions over the chosen frequency range. Although the model involves significant simplifications due to the complexity of the human body system, very promising results are obtained for different directions of the vibration exposure, i.e. longitudinal x-direction, lateral y-direction and vertical z-direction. For this reason, the model can be easily implemented for modelling and simulating many problems related to the vibration safety of drivers and operators of working machines.

This paper presents issues related to selected human biomechanical models that have been and are being used to analyze human body motion, human interaction with the environment, vehicles, machines. The process of building a multi-segment human biomechanical model in Matlab-Simmechanics environment was presented. Anthropometric parameters of real human segments are introduced in the model. The selected exemplary movements that a human can perform, are presented using model. Results of simulations performed to obtain selected kinematic and dynamic data associated with these movements are shown. They indicate the tremendous analytical potential of these kind of models in various scientific aspects such as medicine, sports, and technology.

The paper presents the concept of the supporting structure and modeling of the main components of the rover, which can transport people and work in autonomous mode. This is ensured by an appropriate design of the rover's support frame and drive wheel system. The paper presents a computer model of selected fundamental drive components affecting the traction capabilities of the vehicle, namely the differential, frame, and wheels. The modeling was performed in a Matlab-SimMechanics environment. In this environment, the model was also assembled into a functional whole, which allows simulating the rover's operation in different terrain conditions. This is presented in the final part of the paper, where the simulation of overcoming an obstacle by the rover presented in this paper is presented. One of the studied cases, an urban obstacle in the form of stairs, was chosen. Displacement diagrams of individual structural elements of the rover prove its high traction and stability capabilities.

This paper presents the process of converting the bioelectrical sEMG signal into an analog signal, which is useful from the point of view of motor or actuator control. The constructed measurement path for signal acquisition enables examining the "raw" signal from sEMG sensors and tracing the entire path of signal processing up to its "useful" form, i.e., the analog signal reflecting the degree of contraction of a selected muscle. This paper presents the successive signal processing and filtering stages and discusses the electrical circuits used in the signal acquisition process.

The article presents current stage and new tendencies noticeable in packagings for medical applications. New packagings for drugs and medical products are characterised by modern design and new features. They have attractive appearance and great usability. It is usually accompanied by functional materials and unfortunately by a higher price. In the market we can see also a lot of traditional, cheap products in adequate packagings. New products are protected by active and intelligent packaging. Thanks to this usage of products is easier and more convenient, consumers and a specially patients, are safer. Next direction is noticeable progress in bio- and biodegradable materials structures adopted in medical applications. We have to concern also about the environmental and economic impact of the packaging value chain - from raw material extraction and production, through package conversion and creation, to post-use recovery and solid waste scenarios. It is essential to notice the problem of some medical packaging waste utilisation. A significant amount of plastic waste is generated from such materials. There is an opportunity for packaging engineers to do a better job of designing for recycling and thinking about what that material's next life will be. Potential solutions include embracing circular economy concepts and mono-material designing or multilayer compatible materials. Currently, new problem, fast developing case is quick and safe access of patients to drugs. Drones can be a device that provides quick access to medicines. They can also safely transport medical devices such as defibrillators. The development of mobile medicine is nowadays a sector that should especially be developed.

The article discusses the directions and trends in the development of digitization and data analysis in industrial applications. Particular attention was paid to the issue of digitization of production, which gradually enters all layers of the production system, starting from the layer of investment management, production planning, control, communication up to the level of intelligent object devices. Digitization is one of the basic pillars of the Industry 4.0 initiative and at the same time a response to the growing requirements of the global industry by creating digital models of processes implemented in production companies and conducting simulations in order to improve and optimize them. Therefore, special attention was paid to the possibility of using modern tools supporting the registration of digital data and their quick processing, which include AR technology and artificial intelligence.

The security of the state and its citizens depends on the security of information and IT systems. Cybercrime incidents are recorded every day in public administration units of all countries. The article presents the level of use of information technologies in public administration units in Poland. The principles of building a cybersecurity culture that can help ensure cyber resilience were discussed, especially in situations of dynamic changes in the functioning of public administration, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Selected aspects of the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland for 2019-2024, which are to contribute to building a security culture in Poland, were also presented.

In the paper there is described a process of implementation of an example of Hierarchical Petri Net (HPN) in Ladder Diagram, implemented with Totally Integrated Portal engineering software by Siemens. There is described the process of modeling the HPN for an example control problem, subsequent modeling steps are described, signals handling and system behavior is presented. The implementation process is described and discussed and a conclusion is drawn.

The article deals with the problem of a closed space with vibro-acoustical source generating inside specific conditions, which form a field with some values p (acoustic pressure). In general, the field is described by specific time dependent variable w(t) in all points of space, whose location are defined by coordinate r(x,y,z). The second factor describing acoustic field is related to eigenfunctions Ψ(r), which are the solution of eigenvalues problem of considered space V. In this work, it is assumed that the field distribution can be described by using modal analysis assumptions. Therefore, the acoustic pressure is defined by a modal expansion i.e. the sum over a set of a space’s eigenfunctions Ψ(r) and time components w(t). The model indicates that inside the space there are source conditions (location and source character), which generate resonances strongly than others. In order to confirm this, the experiment was conducted and its results are shown. That was conducted using specific acoustic source placed inside chosen closed space. Next, using wavelet analysis, it is possible investigate the problem to specify areas, where the source generates unwanted resonances (correlated with object eigenfrequencies in particular frequency range) and their damping.

The article presents the changes that have taken place in Polish enterprises in the field of automation and robotization. It also presents the state of implementation of selected solutions in the field of information technology based on statistical data of Statistics Poland. Both of these aspects are the basis for the industrial revolution 4.0 in Polish companies. Eurostat data on the innovativeness of Polish enterprises and investments related to development, including methods for information processing or communication, indicate that Polish enterprises, compared to other European countries, attach great importance to the development of enterprises and their innovativeness. In order to benefit from introducing new solutions to enterprises, it is necessary to have properly trained staff. There are already training courses and study programs available on the Polish market that will help achieve this goal.

Information security is of great importance for companies from the automotive industry. All of them interact with contractors worldwide, often needing to exchange commercially sensitive and confidential information related to product designs, technology research projects or business plans. The article presents a solution that enables information security assessment and provides a common evaluation and exchange mechanism for all entities of the industry - Trusted Information Security Assessment Exchange (TISAX). The article analyses the purpose and method of implementation as well as the benefits of introducing this standard. It also indicates the similarities and differences with the commonly used international ISO 27001 standard.

The design and implementation of an embedded system is often a complex and complicated process. Usually it takes significant amount of time. This process is even more complex in the case of a distributed embedded system. Thus, it is necessary to search for new design methods that will improve software implementation time and simplify the verification process. One of the approaches is to use the behaviour models. Specific model transformations allow carrying hardware synthesis and obtaining either generated code fragments or the entire implementation. Furthermore, currently there is lack of models supporting the description of distributed embedded systems that allow for automatic synthesis, starting from the model, through its decomposition, to implementation. In this paper, we propose a new model: Interpreted Petri Nets for Embedded Systems (IPNES) for describing the behaviour of an embedded system. The model allows describing both a single-module system and an entire distributed system that requires processes synchronization and data exchange. This model contains a number of different elements that are necessary for operating of any embedded system. It can be used in the subsequent stages of distributed embedded system synthesis process, i.e. decomposition and automatic code generation.

Experimental research set-up used to simulate the operation of the ABS system (Anti-Lock Braking System) is presented in the article. This experimental stand allows to show in an accessible way the principle of operation of the system preventing car traction loss. The paper presents measurements of the electrical signal transmitted from the inductive sensor to the ABS driver, depending on different vehicle speeds, different distance of the sensor from the plane of the rim’s tooth, and the most common damage to toothed rims. A method of identifying these damages has been proposed. This method is based on the wavelet analysis of signals.

The article presents a design solution of a mobile robot dedicated to autonomous movement in hard-to-reach places. The 3D printing technology made it possible to make a mechanical structure adapted to the actuators and electronic elements with which the robot was equipped. To control the mobile robot, a Raspberry Pi 2 microcomputer and an Atmega328P microcontroller were used, which allows the robot to be controlled via WiFi or a game controller for PlayStation3 using Bluetooth communication. In addition to remote control, the rover has an implemented algorithm of autonomous operation with simultaneous image transmission.

In the paper there is discussed the problem of constructing and implementation the mathematical models for control algorithms of concurrent processes. For the control object example there was taken an example of 3D Cartesian machine. The control algorithm is mathematically described with use of Finite State Machine methodology in canonical and concurrent variants. Implementation examples are given, problem of resources consumption and operation time is discussed and the conclusion is d drawn.

This paper aims in a brief literature review of three main methods of formal modeling applied in Industry 4.0 research, namely simulation, numerical and analytical ones. Methodology and assumptions based on the literature study implement quantitative tools and graph mapping. Selected results focus on quantity of publications of different types, citations and various researchers’ productivity. These results aim to determine which method of modeling may be of particular interest for the future research.

Paper presents the optimization of linear elastic multilayer foundation of the Timoshenko beam, which can be considered as a rail model. The moving load traveling along a beam with particular velocity, which distribution is characterized by Gauss function, is implemented in the model. The displacement caused by the load is dependent on multilayer foundation parameters such as layer thickness, a type of material and load parameters such as moving velocity as well its distribution on a beam. The optimization, i.e. minimization of the total displacement sum, as the result of objective function determined regarding chosen parameters of a foundation and load, as a design variable was carried out. The Comsol Multiphysics [1], is applied in order to solve the beam and moving load problem by using the finite element method [2,3,4,5,6]. Using genetic algorithm [7,8,9] searches the minimum of objective function.

The world is accelerating the digitisation of many branches of the economy. In production, it is often called Industry 4.0 - the term invented by Prof. Wahlster in Germany. One branch of ‘Production Digitisation’ is Augmented Reality (AR)- a technology that gives a very convenient and natural human-machine interface. Users are presented with the information requested, right in front of their eyes, and can communicate with the system through simple gestures and speech. The key advantage of AR is having one’s handsfree so that the user can perform his/her regular tasks, unhindered. In the first part of this paper, the concept of using AR glasses, in the quality control process, is presented. The present authors describe a proprietary support system. A specific example is then given in a real production environment on a real production process, comparing the old way with the new AR way of conducting test procedures. An evaluation of its usability is characterised using important factors that can affect the final outcome or features of the product and the manner in which it is applied in real life. In concluding, the authors focus on its advantages, the disadvantages, the technological imperfections, and the limitations and go on to deliberate on the conclusions and further research topics.

The article presents results of the experimental investigation of the flat-plate solar collector with polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam thermal insulation. The results of EN/ISO 9806:2017 thermal efficiency test, during which the solar collectors with rock wool and PIR foam were used, are presented. Additionally, the housing temperature distribution, at the same working conditions, were measured with infrared camera and compared for rock wood and PIR foam solar collectors.

The experiments and computer research on the issue of metamaterials [6-9,11,14] allow a dedicated parts or even whole devices designing using 3D CAD technology and Finite Element Methods. Research and their effects aim at replacing the mechanisms by means of elements perform by additive technology with different internal geometry in terms of dimensions and shapes, while maintaining identical dimensions in such a way that the desired abbreviated motion. In order to do that the adequate computer model [15-24] using for fast and effective prototyping is desired. The initial steps to achieve this aim is shown in this work.

3D printing is an innovative technology that allows for rapid prototyping of designs and models. The use of different printing methods and materials used allows the creation of both functional objects of real size and scale models. These features make 3D printing its application in virtually all fields of science and industry, allowing for faster design while reducing costs, compared to traditional prototyping techniques. Incremental methods enable quick and economical creation of conceptual and functional models of prototypes composed of several components. There are many methods of FDM, CJP, SLA, SLS, DLP, MJM, DMS. On the basis of the printout, you can create a model that does not differ in appearance from the mass produced. Through this technique, you can create metallized, rubberized, transparent surfaces, brought to an ideal gloss or matt, also having different colors depending on the material used (filament), the material from which the model is made. This article presents the application of printed elements using the FDM method in a research stand for PIV measurements.

The dynamic economic situation in the country and the world supports a high demand for training services. Their provision requires more and more advanced IT support. The purpose of this article is standardisation of the assumptions for the design of an IT system intended for managing business processes present within the framework of training implementation undertakings, including those carried out in the e-learning mode. It is assumed that the pre-project, conceptual modelling of business processes and operations necessary for the organization, running and settlement of training, developed by the authors, shall provide the designers with the revised domain knowledge and by this it will increase the quality of the proposed IT system supporting the functioning of a company providing training services. Also, it will increase the economic viability of the training projects managed via such a system.

In the paper there is described a process of modeling the discrete control system for a chemical reactor. In the design of the control algorithm there was used Finite State Machine methodology as one of the more effective for modeling complex control tasks. There were identified input and output signals of the process, the dependencies and operating rules and the system operation was described. The modeled algorithm was implemented in LAD diagram language with use of novel control engineering software - TIA Portal by Siemens. The implementation process is described and discussed, implementation results are shown and a conclusion is drawn.

The paper presents a method of estimating the distribution of air temperature changes in a heat exchanger using genetic algorithms. The method is based on the use of the Finite Element Method. The authors present construction of the fitness function. The results of several numerical experiments are presented. The experiments were conducted for a counter - current recuperator. The results of calculation were made for different gradations of temperature points in the same recuperator.