Jiuyun Jiang, Yuecheng Hong, Bo Yang, Jin Yang, Guangxin Jiang, Xiaomeng Guo, Guang Xiao. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2026.

In this letter, a new decoder based on a bit-embedding technique for non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over Galois fields of characteristic two ($\mathbb {F}_{2^{q}}$) is presented. The main content of this work is summarized in the following: first, we derive the equivalent binary codeword and binary parity-check matrix for non-binary LDPC codes in$\mathbb {F}_{2^{q}}$; second, a customized belief propagation algorithm utilizing a bit-embedding technique is proposed based on the formulated binary-check matrix; in the end, simulations results demonstrate that the proposed approach enjoys significant improvement on computational complexity, but almost similar error-correction performance in comparison with the state-of-the-art non-binary LDPC decoders.

In this paper, we devise a new alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) decoder for non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in Galois fields of characteristic two $\left( {{\mathbb{F}_{{2^q}}}} \right)$. Its main content are threefold: first, the procedure of formulating the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding problem in ${\mathbb{F}_{{2^q}}}$ to a linear integer problem in real space is presented; Second, after relaxing the integer problem to a continuous one, an efficient ADMM algorithm is customized to solve the latter, where all the entries of the variable vectors can be obtained in parallel; Third, we show that the proposed ADMM decoder satisfies the favorable codeword-independent property under some mild conditions and its computation complexity in each ADMM iteration is roughly $\mathcal{O}\left( {nq} \right)$, where n is code length of the considered non-binary LDPC code. Simulation results demonstrate that its performance, such as error-correction and decoding efficiency, is very competitive in comparison with state-of-the-art non-binary LDPC decoders.

Ambient backscatter which utiliees the ambient radio‐frequency signals to enable transmissions between battery‐less devices has attracted considerable attention in academia and industry. This study addresses the questions of full‐duplex (FD) and self‐interference cancellation (SIC) for ambient backscatter which adopts dual‐antenna structure to achieve persistent information transmission and energy harvesting. The authors construct the physical‐layer network coding (PNC) mapping principle of on–off keying in the dual‐antenna structure and propose the PNC‐based FD algorithm to eliminate the self‐interference in the information domain. Furthermore, the bit‐error‐ratio and throughput performances are analysed under conventional half‐duplex mode and the proposed FD mode, respectively. In order to facilitate system complexity and reduce power consumption, they design a hardware prototype to achieve SIC which consists of low‐power passive analogue components. Numerical results are provided to confirm the theoretical studies. Circuit simulations demonstrate that the circuit is commendably consistent with the design concept.

Building more secure software is a recent concern for software engineers due to increasing incidences of data breaches and other types of cyber attacks. However, software security, through the introduction of specialized practices in the software development life cycle, leads to an increase in the development cost. Although there are many studies on software cost models, few address the additional costs required to build secure software. We conducted a systematic review in the form of a mapping study to classify and analyze the literature related to the impact of security in software development costs. Our search strategy strove to achieve high completeness by the identification of a quasi-gold-standard set of papers, which we then used to establish a search string and retrieve papers from research databases automatically. The application of inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in a final set of 54 papers, which were categorized according to the approach to software security cost analysis. Perform Security Review, Apply Threat Modeling, and Perform Security Testing were the three most frequent activities related to cost, and Common Criteria was the most applied standard. We also identified ten approaches to estimating software security costs for development projects; however, their validation remains a challenge, which could be addressed in future studies.