This study aims to evaluate Chinese short-answer questions according to the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy, which divides students' responses into five levels, from prestructural to extended abstract. To automate the evaluation process, supervised classification was used. For this purpose, three deep-learning models were adopted: LSTM, C-LSTM, Nezha-BiLSTM. Results showed that the accuracy of LSTM was the lowest at 0.83, the accuracy of C-LSTM was 0.89, and the accuracy of Nezha-BiLSTM was the highest at 0.90. And the accuracy of each classification model is high in the prestructural and multistructural responses. The method proposed could help teachers perform scoring more efficiently.

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is a key skill for the success in education and workforce. The CPS performance is determined by the interaction of problem solving process and collaboration. Thus, the interaction of cognitive and social aspects should be included in the CPS assessment. This study presented a method to analyze the interaction through extending the coding framework from the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21S) project. The results showed that the high task performance group outperformed the low one in terms of the interactive chat-action pattern and participation pattern. Besides, a visual representation of the participation pattern exhibited more details about the interaction.

5G applications face security risks due to the new technology used and the performance requirements of the specific application scenario. This paper analyzes the security requirements and presents hierarchical solutions for stakeholders to build secure 5G applications. First, we summarize the technical characteristics and typical usage scenarios of 5G. Then, we analyze the security and privacy risks faced by 5G applications and related security standards and research work. Next, we give the system reference architecture and overall security and privacy solutions for 5G applications. Based on the three major application scenarios of eMBB, uRLLC, and mMTC, we also provide specific suggestions for coping with security and privacy risks. Finally, we present a use case of industrial terminal access control and make conclusions of this paper.

In a real ubiquitous learning environment, different learners may have different learning objectives; a learner also has different objectives in different periods. Ubiquitous learning environment should be able to support different learning objectives. However, most of ubiquitous learning environments are designed for specific learning objectives, in which all learners only get learning resources related to the specific learning objectives with fixed contents. This research proposes a ubiquitous learning environment to support different learners’ learning with different learning objectives at same time. This environment is called CDLEMO (Context-aware Dynamic Learning Environment for Multiple Objectives). It can provide available and suitable learning resources, and the contents of a resource can be adjusted dynamically according to learning objective. The results of a pilot experiment conducted in the botanical garden in Beijing Normal University show that CDLEMO can make learning become more convenient and fun, enhance learning motivation, stimulate learning interest, and it wins the learners' acceptance and approval.

The spectral knowledge base (spectrum library) has been designed to contain over 10,000 pieces of measured spectral data, including spectral data of reflectivity and a large amount of metadata which is composed of data explanation and self-contained parameters. The standardization of the spectral data format based on the storage organization of background database, and the quickness of the data population become critical in developing applications, such as data browse, data query and the model simulating, etc., which are all based on this mass database. In an attempt to better represent the logical relationship among metadata and to simplify the edit and modification of data files, a 3-tier file system built up by several text files with frame description is defined in this paper as the standard data after the study on XML-based expression of geo-spatial metadata. Those files vary according to the types of the ground objects and fulfill two scales of matching among spectral data perfectly. Based on the concept of Windows DNA and techniques of look-up table, COM and ASP, a mechanism is proposed here to check the data format and upload the data into the database in batch, which is implemented primarily in B/S mode with the aid by executing the applications at the client side. For the sake of the integrity about the data population solution, it is also illustrated in this paper about the data batch processing