Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the high-resolution in computer-aided diagnostic technology is widely used to provide doctors with diagnostic advice, especially in brain tumor segmentation. In addition, MRI multi-sequence images of brain tumors also provide better image data support for studying brain tumor segmentation. In this paper, an adaptive threshold segmentation numerical optimization spiking neural P system (ATONSNPS or ATONSN P system) is designed to dynamically adjust the threshold quantity. In addition, the ATONSN P system and connectivity algorithm are combined to finish multi-sequence brain tumor segmentation. Experimental results on BraTS2019 show that the multi-sequence brain tumor segmentation approach can achieve more effective segmentation of brain tumor images comparing with several benchmark algorithms.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic technique for brain tumors due to its ability to generate images without tissue damage or skull artifacts. Therefore, MRI images are widely used to achieve the segmentation of brain tumors. This paper is the first attempt to discuss the use of optimization spiking neural P systems to improve the threshold segmentation of brain tumor images. To be specific, a threshold segmentation approach based on optimization numerical spiking neural P systems with adaptive multi-mutation operators (ONSNPSamos) is proposed to segment brain tumor images. More specifically, an ONSNPSamo with a multi-mutation strategy is introduced to balance exploration and exploitation abilities. At the same time, an approach combining the ONSNPSamo and connectivity algorithms is proposed to address the brain tumor segmentation problem. Our experimental results from CEC 2017 benchmarks (basic, shifted and rotated, hybrid, and composition function optimization problems) demonstrate that the ONSNPSamo is better than or close to 12 optimization algorithms. Furthermore, case studies from BraTS 2019 show that the approach combining the ONSNPSamo and connectivity algorithms can more effectively segment brain tumor images than most algorithms involved.

Spiking neural P systems (SN P systems), inspired by biological neurons, are introduced as symbolical neural-like computing models that encode information with multisets of symbolized spikes in neurons and process information by using spike-based rewriting rules. Inspired by neuronal activities affected by enzymes, a numerical variant of SN P systems called enzymatic numerical spiking neural P systems (ENSNP systems) is proposed wherein each neuron has a set of variables with real values and a set of enzymatic activation-production spiking rules, and each synapse has an assigned weight. By using spiking rules, ENSNP systems can directly implement mathematical methods based on real numbers and continuous functions. Furthermore, ENSNP systems are used to model ENSNP membrane controllers (ENSNP-MCs) for robots implementing wall following. The trajectories, distances from the wall, and wheel speeds of robots with ENSNP-MCs for wall following are compared with those of a robot with a membrane controller for wall following. The average error values of the designed ENSNP-MCs are compared with three recently fuzzy logical controllers with optimization algorithms for wall following. The experimental results showed that the designed ENSNP-MCs can be candidates as efficient controllers to control robots implementing the task of wall following.

Optimization Spiking Neural P System (OSNPS) is the first membrane computing model to directly derive an approximate solution of combinatorial problems with a specific reference to the 0/1 knapsack problem. OSNPS is composed of a family of parallel Spiking Neural P Systems (SNPS) that generate candidate solutions of the binary combinatorial problem and a Guider algorithm that adjusts the spiking probabilities of the neurons of the P systems. Although OSNPS is a pioneering structure in membrane computing optimization, its performance is competitive with that of modern and sophisticated metaheuristics for the knapsack problem only in low dimensional cases. In order to overcome the limitations of OSNPS, this paper proposes a novel Dynamic Guider algorithm which employs an adaptive learning and a diversity-based adaptation to control its moving operators. The resulting novel membrane computing model for optimization is here named Adaptive Optimization Spiking Neural P System (AOSNPS). Numerical result shows that the proposed approach is effective to solve the 0/1 knapsack problems and outperforms multiple various algorithms proposed in the literature to solve the same class of problems even for a large number of items (high dimensionality). Furthermore, case studies show that a AOSNPS is effective in fault sections estimation of power systems in different types of fault cases: including a single fault, multiple faults and multiple faults with incomplete and uncertain information in the IEEE 39 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system.

Memetic Algorithms are traditionally composed of an evolutionary framework and one or more local search elements. However, modern generation Memetic Algorithms do not necessarily follow a pre-established scheme and are hybrid structures of various types. By following these modern trends, the present paper proposes an original and unconventional adaptive memetic structure generated by the hybridisation of a set of theoretical computational models, namely P Systems, and an evolutionary algorithm employing adaptation rules and moving operators inspired by Evolution Strategies. The resulting memetic algorithm, namely Adaptive Optimisation Spiking Neural P System (AOSNPS), is a tailored algorithm to solve optimisation problems with binary encoding. More specifically AOSNPS is composed of a family of parallel spiking neural P systems, each of them generating a binary vector representing a candidate solution on the basis of internal probability parameters and an adaptive Evolutionary Guider Algorithm that evolves the probabilities encoded in each P system. Numerical result shows that the proposed approach is effective to solve the 0/1 knapsack problem and outperforms various algorithms proposed in the literature to solve the same class of problems.