5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) networks are regarded as effective solutions for serving numerous emerging applications through 5G Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, that is, 5G V2X. Vehicles experience several messages such as safety messages like Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs) and non-safety messages like entertainment data packets having varied requirements. In this work, we consider the co-existence of DENMs along with background data traffic and explore the impact of DENMs on such low-priority background data traffic. We explore the multicast and broadcast techniques for robust 5G V2X communications. We consider the delivery of DENMs using the multicast of gNodeBs (gNBs) as Single-Cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM) over Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) links as well as the broadcast of the vehicles over Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) links. User-specific data traffic is unicasted over a high-capacity V2I link. Next, we propose a joint V2I resource allocation algorithm for the two traffic classes. We mathematically model average DENM delivery delay, average DENM packet reception ratio, and average throughput of background data traffic. Our mathematical analysis is further validated by extensive simulations. Through these simulations, it is shown that our proposed scheme outperforms the existing schemes in terms of average DENM delivery delay.

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) based on emerging 5G New Radio (NR) technology stand as an effective solution to complement terrestrial networks in service provisioning, owing to their ability to satisfy requests for anywhere and anytime connection. This work concentrates on the power saving and battery lifetime of a User Equipment (UE) communicating with NTN. We consider NTN to support Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) applications in 5G networks. We model an NTN UE's Discontinuous Reception (DRX) as a Semi-Markovbased model. We assess the model's performance in terms of UE power consumption and average delay. We validate the proposed model through extensive simulations. The reduction of the number of signaling steps can also reduce the power consumption of the UE. In this line, we also compare the random access performance obtained with 3GPP compliant configuration and satellite configuration with the aim of studying the power consumption of the UE.

The proliferation in the demand of high data rate and improved performance has urged wireless vendors to think of extending 5G New Radio (NR) in unlicensed bands. The unlicensed band is mainly used by Wi-Fi and Wi-Gig resulting in the reduced probability of channel availability. The User Equipment (UE) has to remain active and wait for the availability of unlicensed channel. This process escalates the energy expense of battery-constrained mobile devices. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) introduced in 3GPP can also be used in NR-Unlicensed (NR-U) to reduce UEs energy consumption. This article introduces a DRX mechanism over NR-U networks for both Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) deployment modes. We have used two different flavors, Beam-Search and Beam-Aware, to model DRX mechanism. Hence, the proposed DRX mechanisms are: Standalone DRX with Beam-Search (SBS-DRX), Standalone DRX with Beam-Aware (SBA-DRX), Non-Standalone DRX with Beam-Search (NBS-DRX), and Non-Standalone DRX with Beam-Aware (NBA-DRX). Semi-Markov based modeling is used to show the estimation of power-saving, average delay, and resource utilization. The power-saving achieved with SBA-DRX is 21.13% and 24.84% higher than 5G NR DRX for both Trace 1 and Trace 2, respectively. Moreover, delay achieved with NBA-DRX is 19.16% less than NBS-DRX with 18% less resource utilization.