With the widespread use of machine learning for algorithmic decision-making, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems are increasingly important. However, they are not always understandable and trustworthy for end-users, who should know when to rely on AI’s advice to make informed decisions. Hence, adequately presenting explanations in user interfaces (UIs) is essential. This paper investigates proposals in this direction and what is missing to support the design of explainable UIs aware of reliance issues. From a systematic literature review of 1,287 unique papers, we identified 120 secondary studies, of which we selected 22 for analysis. Our findings reveal that studies have been conducted to provide recommendations to specific application domains, and evidence regarding explanation effects on reliance remains inconclusive. We also found a lack of characterization of factors impacting reliance on XAI systems. Furthermore, we provide perspectives to foster appropriate reliance research on explainable UIs.

Explainability (XAI) has matured in recent years to provide more human-centered explanations of AI-based decision systems. While static explanations remain predominant, interactive XAI has gathered momentum to support the human cognitive process of explaining. However, the evidence regarding the benefits of interactive explanations is unclear. In this paper, we map existing findings by conducting a detailed scoping review of 48 empirical studies in which interactive explanations are evaluated with human users. We also create a classification of interactive techniques specific to XAI and group the resulting categories according to their role in the cognitive process of explanation: "selective", "mutable" or "dialogic". We identify the effects of interactivity on several user-based metrics. We find that interactive explanations improve perceived usefulness and performance of the human+AI team but take longer. We highlight conflicting results regarding cognitive load and overconfidence. Lastly, we describe underexplored areas including measuring curiosity or learning or perturbing outcomes.

The field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to bring transparency to complex AI systems. Although it is usually considered an essentially technical field, effort has been made recently to better understand users' human explanation methods and cognitive constraints. Despite these advances, the community lacks a general vision of what and how cognitive biases affect explainability systems. To address this gap, we present a heuristic map which matches human cognitive biases with explainability techniques from the XAI literature, structured around XAI-aided decision-making. We identify four main ways cognitive biases affect or are affected by XAI systems: 1) cognitive biases affect how XAI methods are designed, 2) they can distort how XAI techniques are evaluated in user studies, 3) some cognitive biases can be successfully mitigated by XAI techniques, and, on the contrary, 4) some cognitive biases can be exacerbated by XAI techniques. We construct this heuristic map through the systematic review of 37 papers-drawn from a corpus of 285-that reveal cognitive biases in XAI systems, including the explainability method and the user and task types in which they arise. We use the findings from our review to structure directions for future XAI systems to better align with people's cognitive processes.