Graduates are expected to be skilled across disciplines and provide holistic solutions. Hence, scaffolding is crucial as transfer of learning does not occur naturally and teaching-learning strategies found to be effective for experts may not be adopted similarly for novice learners. We hypothesize that if we can help students to model in relation to the ecosystem, they should be able to identify or discover opportunities, strategically assess technologies and create new innovations and interactions for e-commerce Websites. For goal-based scaffolding, we use technology-assisted design thinking, embedded formative assessments. We study more effective ways to develop: a) skills useful to the design and development of sustainable Web systems and services and possibly sustainable smart services in the future by relating business to technology and impacts on society, b) epistemic agency for lifelong learning.

Open access to formal and informal learning implies both cognitive and digital access. However, cognitive access can result only if there are suitable methods which design for generative processing (meaningful deep learning) and transfer of learning despite limited cognitive capacities. We aim to develop design thinking and increase transfer of learning through design principles, framing and metacognitive reflective scaffolds. Subsequently, we use context as a schematic construct for structuring content, providing interaction options and achieving compositional coherence. Findings indicate increase in students' intrinsic motivation, development of reflection generalizations which encompass multiple design levels with design principles as strategies and changes in students' perception towards technology-assisted learning and towards design. Significance of the study are development of scaffolds for generative designs and inclusion of design principles in describing reflection generalizations, CSCL practices and context. These are useful as seed knowledge base for increasing cognitive access to all students and the development of creativity.

A major hope of education is that students will be able to transfer what they have learnt to other similar situations and their everyday lives. However, transfer is not a given. Often, it does not happen. This case study refers to findings from Engle's (2006) study on the role of framing in explaining why and how transfer occurs to investigate whether framing can serve as a mechanism for scaffolding near and far transfer in the learning of game design. Findings are positive. Implications with regards to the fusion of pedagogy with the design of technology conclude.

This paper presents an improved link layer mechanism to assist FMIPv6 for seamless vertical handoffs. We introduce a new access router discovery method and propose a vertical handoff algorithm accordingly. Further, we report the implementation details performed through simulations. The simulations evidence performance improvements in terms of latency and packet loss. It is also analytically shown that by enabling access router discovery method and improving link layer event services, an MN can be well prepared for handoff and perform faster movements.

Computing the continuous-time peak-to-average- power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM signals is computationally challenging. The pioneering work by Tellambura applies only to OFDM signals using real-valued modulation schemes. In this paper, a practical technique for evaluating the continuous-time PAPR of OFDM signals using complex modulation is presented. Using the proposed scheme, it is confirmed that the four-time oversampled discrete-time PAPR is a good approximation of the continuous-time PAPR even for complex OFDM signals. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is employed to verify some existing analytical bounds on continuous PAPR in the literature.

Some IP mobility protocols have been designed without enough thought given to the case that both ends of a communications session are mobile. With mobile IPv6 using route optimization, for example, a problem can arise when both ends are mobile and in particular when they move simultaneously. The relevance and significance of these solutions can properly be assessed only if a good understanding of probability of occurence of the problem and expected time to occurence (measuring from the start of the communications session) is available. In this paper, we therefore present new results on how this probability and expected duration vary with a number of critical variables, including time, handoff rates, and handoff latency.

Abstract The original Mobile IP (MIP) protocol does not perform Route Optimisation but uses Home Agents to forward traffic. Thus, it does not have problems with simultaneous mobility, that is, the special case when both end hosts are mobile and move at about the same time. However, MIP for IPv6 (MIPv6) uses binding updates that are sent directly to a correspondent node. Session Initiation Protocol based mobility management (SIPMM) and MIP with location registers (MIP‐LR) also use direct binding updates between a mobile host and a correspondent node. Thus, MIPv6, MIP‐LR and SIPMM are vulnerable to the simultaneous mobility problem. In this paper, we analyse the simultaneous mobility problem and solution mechanisms, and propose new ways for MIPv6, MIP‐LR and SIPMM to handle simultaneous mobility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Careful control of power transmission levels can play an important role in prolonging the lifetime of a node in a wireless sensor network. Thus in designing efficient wireless sensor networks protocols serious consideration should be given to this factor. This paper investigates the relationship between power transmission levels and received signal strength and packet reception rates, when MICA2 motes are used. The measurement-based approach obtains real-world performance data of MICA2 mote communications as power transmission levels are varied. The results presented here may therefore be of use in the design of power control algorithms in new communication protocols for the MICA2

Route optimization in mobile IP is based on the assumption that the direct path from a correspondent node to a mobile node is more optimal than the indirect path. The indirect path goes through the mobile node's home agent, so the assumption seems reasonable. However, we analyze situations where the direct path may in fact be more optimal than the indirect path. We then propose measurement-based approaches to route optimization that are more likely to result in the use of the path with lower latency

The integrated networking technology prototype demonstrates the capability of several emerging networking technologies to operate together seamlessly to enhance network services targeted for dynamic mobile environments such as those found in the battlefield. The prototype consists of four technologies: (1) autoconfiguration technology supports autonomous and rapid network deployment and configuration; (2) self-managed virtual network (SMVN) technology provides virtual networking capabilities for networks which do not natively support these functions; (3) integrated mobility management technology supports session continuity in the presence of node mobility; (4) assured IP QoS technology supports guarantees for mission-critical applications. The prototype is capable of operating over the various types of equipment and protocols to be utilized in battlefield networks. The prototype is designed such that network services and functions are survivable and reconfigurable. In this paper, we describe the four technologies as well as the integrated prototype in the laboratory environment.

The complementary characteristics of universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) networks make them attractive for integration to offer the best of both technologies. However to make their integration effective, seamless mobility between the two networks is necessary. In this paper we address mobility management procedures within and between UMTS and 802.11 WLAN for various integration scenarios. For each integration option we consider, we give the interaction between various networks elements and new procedures required to ensure seamless mobility.

We present alternatives for the integration of Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) versions with IP Security (IPSec) to secure IP communications over the wireless link. We focus on network layer security and provisioning of security services while roaming to a foreign network, without having to trust the foreign network. Additionally, such a scheme does not require the correspondent host (CH) to participate in protecting the wireless link. We note, however, that end-to-end security can still be provisioned, should the end user and CH have the capability to do so. Finally, our implementation allows seamless mobility at the network layer, while supporting higher layer services and security features.

We derive precise as well as good approximate statistical characterizations, such as probability density functions and statistical moments of capacity, for different MIMO wireless channels. The characterizations help us to understand and predict the capacity gain expected from the MIMO technique, in terms of system parameters and channel dimension. It also helps us to design space-time modulation schemes that can take full advantage of the MIMO link for various wireless channels.