Security awareness is big business – virtually every organization in the Western world provides some form of awareness or training, mostly bought from external vendors. However, studies and industry reports show that these programs have little to no effect in terms of changing the security behavior of employees. We explain the conditions that enable behavior change, and identify one significant blocker in the implementation phase: not disabling existing (insecure) routines – failure to take out the trash – prevents embedding of new (secure) routines. Organizational Psychology offers the paradigm Intentional Forgetting (IF) and associated tools for replacing old (insecure) behaviors with new (secure) ones by identifying and eliminating different cues (sensoric, routine-based, time and space based as well as situational strength cues) that trigger old behavior. We introduce the underlying theory, examples of successful application in safety contexts, and show how its application leads to effective behavior change by reducing the information that needs to be transmitted to employees, and suppressing obsolete routines.

Benjamin Weyersa* , Barbara Frankb & Annette Klugeb a Human-Computer Interaction, University of Trier, Trier, Germanyb Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, GermanyBenjamin Weyers is currently Assistant Professor at University of Trier and Head of the Human-Computer Interaction Group. Before, he was PostDoc at the Virtual Reality and Immersive Visualization group at RWTH Aachen University. He received his PhD in 2011 at the University of Duisburg-Essen and joined RWTH in 2013. He is interested in the development and research on interactive analysis methods for abstract and scientific data using immersive systems as well as the integration of VR and AR into the control of technical systems for the support of human users in semi-automated control scenarios. Additionally, he focuses on the development and use of formal methods for the description of interactive systems.Barbara Frank obtained her PhD in 2017 at the Department of Work, Organizational and Business Psychology at Ruhr University Bochum. She holds a Master of Science in Applied Cognitive and Media Science. Her research focused on various methods for complex cognitive skill retention and impact of individual factors on skill retention. Barbara Frank is currently working in the field of HR-IT at ThyssenKrupp, Essen.Annette Kluge is a Full Professor for Work, Organizational and Business Psychology at the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. She obtained her Diploma in Work and Organizational Psychology at the Technical University Aachen and her doctorate in ergonomics and vocational training at the University of Kassel, Germany in 1994. Her expertise is in Human Factors and Ergonomics, training science, skill acquisition and retention, safety management and organizational learning from errors and organizational forgetting.CONTACT Benjamin Weyers [email protected] Human-Computer Interaction, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/hihc.ABSTRACTThis paper presents a comprehensive formal engineering approach for the development of gaze guiding as an adaptive computer-based job aid to support semi-automated technical control tasks. Major requirement for this engineering method was to present a model-based approach, which on the one hand offers a coherent integration of various heterogeneous descriptions of the system, the standard operating procedures to be applied, and the used gaze guiding, and an algorithmic transformation into an executable form on the other. The latter is used as part of a runtime system or execution framework that integrates gaze guiding into an existing graphical user interface as an overlay. To demonstrate the suitability of the resulting model that enables gaze guiding, we present a use case for the modeling approach and we conducted a user study with 140 participants who worked on three different types of SOPs. The study showed the positive impact of the gaze guiding and its potential to suite as an adaptive computer-based job aid. The results confirmed findings from previous studies and showed decreased numbers of errors during the execution of the start-up procedure if gaze guiding was used.

Controlling and observing complex systems is central to the study of human–machine interaction. In our understanding, there is much to be gained from integrating formal modeling and analysis, including the reconfiguration of user interfaces, with the development of user interfaces with high usability. To this end, we introduce a new approach to modeling and reconfiguration of user interfaces jointly with a newly developed set of tools for interactive and visual creation and automatic transformation of user interfaces' interaction logic to a formal language based on Petri nets. Reconfiguration will be embedded into a process for adapting user interfaces to the user's cognitive representation of the controlled system. This process involves practicing the use of a given user interface, adapting it to the user's needs through reconfiguration, and applying the resulting adaptations to the formally defined interaction logic. An evaluation study confirms that this process reduces errors in interaction.