Context: Understanding architecture is crucial during the development of Message-oriented Middleware-based (MoM-based) microservices. Such architecture serves as a prerequisite for system maintenance, comprehension, and refactoring. However, maintaining an accurate architecture document becomes challenging due to continuous changes in the architecture throughout development. Problem: The challenge lies in maintaining the correct architectural document amid ongoing architectural modifications. While Reverse Engineering supports architecture extraction, existing approaches are limited to synchronous microservice communication and lack clear identification of microservice components and messaging interfaces. Objective: This research aims to automatically extract both the component-based architecture and behavior of MoM-based microservice systems, focusing on asynchronous communication. The primary contribution is the extraction of components and behavior models tailored for asynchronous scenarios. Method: To address the challenges, we extend the existing Software Model eXtractor (SoMoX) approach, incorporating a model-based reverse engineering concept to support asynchronous communication. Our approach automates the extraction of MoM-based microservice system architecture from its source code using static analysis. Result: The paper introduces the concepts of our approach (ARE4MOM) through a running example, demonstrating its capabilities. Evaluation: involves three GitHub case studies utilizing different MoMs and technologies for asynchronous communication. ARE4MOM successfully extracts the architecture and behavior model with a 98.1% F1 score.

Microservice-based systems are usually developed according to agile practices like DevOps, which enables rapid and frequent releases to promptly react and adapt to changes. Monitoring is a key enabler for these systems, as they allow to continuously get feedback from the field and support timely and tailored decisions for a quality-driven evolution. In the realm of monitoring tools available for microservices in the DevOps-driven development practice, each with different features, assumptions, and performance, selecting a suitable tool is an as much difficult as impactful task. This article presents the results of a systematic study of the grey literature we performed to identify, classify and analyze the available monitoring tools for DevOps and microservices. We selected and examined a list of 71 monitoring tools, drawing a map of their characteristics, limitations, assumptions, and open challenges, meant to be useful to both researchers and practitioners working in this area. Results are publicly available and replicable. Editor's note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board.

This paper presents a numerical analysis and performance comparison of different modulation techniques for a specific power range on the Series Resonant Dual Active Bridge (SR-DAB). The SR-DAB is a widely used dc-dc converter with a bi-directional power flow. The modulation techniques predominantly affect the performance and efficiency of SR-DAB. Thus, analysis and comparison of modulation techniques, such as Single Phase Shift (SPS), Extended Phase Shift (EPS), and Dual Phase Shift (DPS), are performed on SR-DAB. A Modified Pulse Width Modulation (M-PWM) technique with optimal control is proposed to enhance performance, such as extended soft switching and reduced reactive power circulation. Control based on Minimum Current Trajectory (MCT) is implemented to optimize and achieve maximum efficiency of the M-PWM technique with SR-DAB. The numerical analysis and comparison are verified using simulation results, and a prototype of 500W is built for experimental verification of the M-PWM with the MCT technique.