Battery electric buses (BEBs) are pivotal for sustainable urban transportation, yet their energy consumption is influenced by complex, interrelated factors that challenge accurate estimation and optimization. While machine learning models excel in energy prediction, their "black-box" nature limits practical deployment. This study addresses this gap by developing an interpretable machine learning framework integrating several machine learning models with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and partial dependence plots (PDP). Using a high-fidelity simulation dataset of 169,344 scenarios generated via a validated MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB) Simulink model, we systematically analyze energy consumption under diverse driving conditions: covering extreme gradients (−8 % to 8 %), passenger loads (0–75), and Heating Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC) usage (1.25–22.3 kW) as a proxy for temperature effects. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was selected as the best-performing machine learning model. SHAP analysis identified road gradient, initial state of charge (SoC), and Heating Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC) usage as dominant factors, with nonlinear interactions between average speed and stop density ratio significantly impacting energy use. A human-machine interface (HMI) was developed to translate these insights into actionable recommendations for route optimization and driver training, enabling energy savings with minimal data acquisition costs. This study bridges the gap between theoretical energy models and practical decision-making, offering a robust framework for BEB fleet management while highlighting future directions for integrating real-world environmental data. • We fill the gap in the BEB energy consumption model interpretation. • We developed an interpretable Machine learning model for BEB energy consumption. • SHAP and PDP methods are combined to explain machine learning-based models. • Influence relationships and interactions of energy consumption factors are parsed. • Decision support tools and remarks are offered to fleet managers to reduce energy use.

Fraud detection aims to identify fraudsters from normal users. In graph environments, both fraudsters and normal users are modeled as nodes, while edges represent the connections between them. However, fraudulent nodes in the real world often camouflage themselves by establishing numerous fake connections with normal nodes, making them challenging to be identified. Existing fraud detection methods struggle to address this issue, they utilize graph neural networks to aggregate normal informations from normal neighbors, which leads to the smoothing of the fraudulent information. Furthermore, these methods exhibit poor generalization performance as they are unable to detect new fraudsters which not present in the training process. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes GFAN, a novel model based on Graph Feature enhAncement Network. Specifically, GFAN introduces a specific semantic extraction module to screen and delete fake connections by evaluating the confidence level of edge presence. Additionally, GFAN provides a representation enhanced co-training module that highlights camouflaged fraudulent representations by training the small sphere and large margin support vector data description. Experimental results show that GFAN outperforms other competitive graph-based fraud detectors on public datasets. The GFAN code is available at: https://github.com/scu-kdde/OAM-GFAN-2023.