Standpoint logics offer unified modal logic-based formalisms for representing multiple heterogeneous viewpoints. At the same time, many non-monotonic reasoning frameworks can be naturally captured using modal logics — in particular using the modal logic S4F. In this work, we propose a novel formalism called S4F Standpoint Logic, which generalises both S4F and standpoint propositional logic and is therefore capable of expressing multi-viewpoint, non-monotonic semantic commitments. We define its syntax and semantics and analyze its computational complexity, obtaining the result that S4F Standpoint Logic is not computationally harder than its constituent logics, whether in monotonic or non-monotonic form. We also outline mechanisms for credulous and sceptical acceptance and illustrate the framework with an example.

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are severe mental illnesses that significantly impact quality of life. These disorders are associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which can be assessed through heart activity analysis. Heart rate variability (HRV) has shown promise as a potential biomarker for diagnostic support and early screening of those conditions. This study aims to develop and evaluate an automated classification method for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using short-duration electrocardiogram (ECG) signals recorded with a low-cost wearable device. We conducted classification experiments using machine learning techniques to analyze R-R interval windows extracted from short ECG recordings. The study included 60 participants-30 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and 30 control subjects. We evaluated multiple machine learning models, including Support Vector Machines, XGBoost, multilayer perceptrons, Gated Recurrent Units, and ensemble methods. Two time window lengths (about 1 and 5 minutes) were evaluated. Performance was assessed using 5-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out cross-validation, with hyperparameter optimization and patient-level classification based on individual window decisions. Our method achieved classification accuracy of 83% for the 5-fold cross-validation and 80% for the leave-one-out scenario. Despite the complexity of our scenario, which mirrors real-world clinical settings, the proposed approach yielded performance comparable to advanced diagnostic methods reported in the literature. The results highlight the potential of short-duration HRV analysis as a cost-effective and accessible tool for aiding in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our findings support the feasibility of using wearable ECG devices and machine learning-based classification for psychiatric screening, paving the way for further research and clinical applications.