PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that has been widely used in web development. This paper conducts an empirical study on bugs in PHP. By analyzing 35,921 bug reports, 6524 revisions, and root causes of randomly selected 500 bugs, we find that: (1) Among all the 385 versions involved in these bugs, there are the most bugs in PHP 4.0.4, PHP 4.0.6, and PHP 4.0.3; Documentation bugs are mainly distributed in PHP 4.y.z and PHP 5.y.z; Security bugs are distributed primarily in the relatively later normal versions of PHP 5.y.z. (2) Documentation, Compile, and Scripting Engine packages are greatly affected by bugs; 73.71% of documentation bugs affect documentation; PHAR, EXIF, and GD are more affected by security bugs. (3) It may be not difficult to repair most bugs since the number of modified lines of code and files are limited; However, nearly 11% of bugs need more than one year to repair; Compared with documentation bugs, security bugs are more difficult to be repaired; The duration of bugs in PHP 8.y.z is shorter than in other versions. (4) Semantic bugs and documentation bugs are the more common root causes of bugs than others. Besides, among semantic bugs, the “Missing Features” bugs and “Processing” bugs are more than others. These results could indicate some potential problems during the detecting and repairing of PHP’s bugs. These findings reveal some laws of bugs in PHP. It could assist developers of PHP in improving their development quality, assist maintainers of PHP in detecting and repairing bugs more effectively, and suggest users of PHP evade potential risks.

Python is an interpreted programming language that has been widely used in many fields. The successful execution of a Python program depends on both the correctness of Python program and the correctness of Python interpreter. As an infrastructure software, there are many bugs in the Python interpreter. Exploring the bugs in Python interpreters can help developers and maintainers of Python interpreters detect and fix bugs and help users of Python avoid risks. In this article, we conduct an empirical study on the bugs in two mainstream Python interpreters: CPython and PyPy. By analyzing 25 958 fixed bugs, 18 824 revisions, 2 116 test cases, and root causes of randomly sampled 510 bugs, we have summarized the following findings.1)The distribution of bugs in the Python interpreter is so uneven that the vast majority of bugs are distributed in a few components and source files.2)The scales of the testing programs that reveal bugs are small.3)The fixing works seem to be not complicated since the number of modified source files and lines of code are limited; however, most bugs need a long time to be fixed; nearly 15% of the bugs need more than one year to fix.4)The priorities of bugs are independent of their locations, but they significantly correlate with duration of bugs.5)Semantic bugs are the most frequent root causes of bugs, and their proportion exceeds other types of root causes.These results could indicate some potential problems during the detecting and fixing of Python interpreter’s bugs, and provide some assistance to developers and maintainers of Python interpreters, users of Python, as well as researchers in related fields.