A multi-bus voltage regulation strategy based on distributed fault-tolerant control is proposed in a microgird (MG). The strategy addresses the challenges posed by the presence of actuator partial loss of effectiveness (PLOE) and deviation faults in multiple distributed generators (DGs) communicating through a directed network. The concept of containment control is introduced in the multi-bus voltage regulation strategy. In this paper, the bus voltages are limited to a reasonable range while still allowing voltage differences between buses for efficient power flow. In addition, a hierarchical mechanism is proposed to divide the voltage fault-tolerant containment control problem into a cooperative control problem for virtual systems and a decentralized control problem for real systems. Notably, the mechanism avoids relying on global information about the directed communication network and specific quantitative details about the magnitude, frequency, and type of actuator failures. In addition, we devise a consensus-based control strategy to regulate the frequency and efficiently share active power among DGs. The strategy is thoroughly evaluated through comprehensive simulation experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness and performance in voltage regulation and fault management scenarios.Note to Practitioners—This paper aims to propose a fault-tolerant secondary control strategy for bus voltages and frequency. First, considering that the power flow between buses is based on voltage differences, the problem of regulating the bus voltages is transformed into a containment control problem for linear multi-agent system (MAS) containing unknown nonlinear dynamics. Next, we design a fault-tolerant secondary control strategy with hierarchical control. At the network layer, a fault-free virtual system with adjacency information is created and approximated with a neural network for nonlinear dynamics. In the physical layer, a decentralized adaptive tracking controller is designed to synchronize the virtual system with the existing system. This layering process decouples time-varying PLOE fault parameters and adaptive control gains under an asymmetric network, thus enabling fault-tolerant control of actuator PLOE faults and deviation faults in a fully distributed framework. In addition, the boundaries of the fault parameters can be unknown. A feasible strategy is provided for industrial applications.

This article proposes a distributed containment-based critical bus voltage coregulation strategy of submicrogrids (SMGs) with positive minimum interevent times (MIETs) in a multimicrogrid system (MMGS). First, the feedback linearization technique allows us to deal with nonlinear distributed generator (DG) dynamics. The critical bus voltage regulation problem of an ac microgrid (MG) is transformed into an output feedback tracking problem of a linear multiagent system (MAS) containing nonlinear dynamics. In addition, an event-triggered strategy based on containment control is proposed. The strategy limits each critical bus voltage within a reasonable range while having a voltage difference between SMGs to allow power flow. Furthermore, an innovative trigger mechanism has been designed based on multiple measurement errors. Based on this mechanism, the controllers are updated in an acyclic manner at the moment of event sampling, saving computational resources and transmission load. In addition, the proposed event-triggering mechanism guarantees the absence of Zeno behavior and a strictly positive MIET between each DG event. It is also more practical than the traditional event triggering because the hardware constraint always imposes a positive minimum time constraint between two consecutive event times. The protocol proposed in this article is fully distributed and scalable and does not depend on global information about the network graph. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the strategy.

In this paper, the problem of secondary voltage restoration in an islanded microgrid (MG) is considered, in which the actuator of the distributed generators (DGs) may coexist with partial loss of effectiveness (PLOE) fault and bias fault. For each DG, an adaptive event-triggered fault-tolerant (ETFT) control protocol is designed to compensate for the effects of actuator faults in the DGs, thereby restoring the voltage to the reference value. The dependent event triggering mechanism saves the processor’s computational resources. A desirable feature of the protocol proposed in this paper is that the control protocol relies only on relative information between neighboring DG’s, independent of global information about the network graph, fault boundaries, and network scale. It means that the protocol is implemented in a fully distributed framework. The protocol fully applies to the common ETFT consensus control problem of linear multiagent systems (MASs) with actuator faults. Furthermore, comprehensive theoretical arguments for consensus stability and analysis of Zeno behavior ensure the approach’s feasibility. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.Note to Practitioners—This paper aims to propose a fully ETFT control protocol for secondary voltage restoration of an islanded MG. The control protocol consists of a linear term and a nonlinear time that compensates for the multiplicative and additive fault of the actuator. Moreover, DGs’ communication structure and global fault boundaries may be unknown in practice. Hence, adaptive coupling gains that depend only on the sampled relative information of DGs are introduced to estimate the controller gain, thus avoiding global information. A feasible strategy is provided for industrial applications.

This article proposes an observer-based event-driven fault-tolerant (OBEDFT) secondary control strategy for AC microgrids (MGs) to achieve load voltage regulation. First, the input-output feedback linearization method transforms the voltage regulation issue into an output feedback tracking problem for linear multiagent systems (MASs) with nonlinear dynamics. This transformation provides the necessary preprocessing for load voltage regulation. Then, an OBEDFT secondary control protocol that considers full-state immeasurability is proposed. The actuators of distributed generators (DGs) may experience partial loss of effectiveness (PLOE) and bias faults, and these fault parameters may be heterogeneous and time-varying. The protocol introduces adaptive techniques to avoid information related to fault parameters while using event-driven mechanisms to achieve discrete measurements of neighboring DG. Additionally, the protocol uses boundary layers to construct smooth controllers that prevent the chattering effect caused by nonsmooth controllers. Finally, simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this load voltage regulation strategy.

Privacy issues and the cyberattacks are two typical threats in network operation, but the problem considering both of them has not been properly addressed. To fill this gap, this article investigates the privacy-preserving consensus strategy against the false data injection attacks (FDIAs) for secondary control of microgrids. An integral sliding mode observer and its supporting controller are developed to against the FDIAs on local units. Since the sliding motion is independent of the controller signal, the proposed strategy has a natural advantage for the FDIAs on the controller command. Furthermore, an observer-based resilient control strategy is proposed to against the FDIAs on the communication lines. It is worth mentioning that the$H_\infty$performance can be obtained by regarding the consensus errors as disturbance. Moreover, the edge-based privacy-preserving algorithm along with the observed-based resilient strategy is proposed. Finally, some simulation examples are used to verify the theoretical results.

This article considers the consensus problem of unknown linear multiagent systems (MASs) through adaptive event-driven control in leader-follower and leaderless networks. The proposed event-driven algorithms do not involve any global information related to the network communication structure and rely only on local information exchange to achieve consensus on MASs and are therefore fully distributed. Furthermore, the constraint of continuous communication among the agents is eliminated in terms of control law updates and triggering state monitoring. Another desirable aspect of this article is that the design process of the control algorithms is independent of the parameters of each agent's dynamics and thus does not require precise information about the dynamics of MASs. We further exclude the Zeno behavior of each agent by proving the existence of a strict positive lower bound between any two adjacent events. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive event-driven algorithms is verified by a simulation example.

Although privacy-preserving is often considered in energy management and energy scheduling of microgrids (MGs), to the best of authors’ knowledge, there are almost no literatures on distributed secondary control of MGs with privacy-preserving. To fill this gap, this article investigates the privacy-preserving problem for voltage restoration of an ac MG. First, the model of the MG is transformed into a linear multiagent system model by feedback linearization. Furthermore, output mask approach, which avoids divulging the initial condition by inserting a dynamic mask on the exchanged state information, is adopted to make the distributed generator agents exactly converge to the reference value rather than the value with a preset certain convergence error by differential private. Meanwhile, the sliding mode control scheme with simple structure is adopted to accelerate the convergence speed of the masked system. However, it is difficult to design the controller directly because of the strong nonlinearity brought by the mask function. To solve this problem, we first implement the controller for the original system, and then extend it to the masked system. After that, we carry out the consensus analysis of the controlled masked system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is validated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.