Wireless Sensor Networks are increasingly deployed in mission-critical scenarios where resilience and energy efficiency are paramount. This paper presents a hybrid architecture combining Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies to enhance both robustness and energy-aware performance in adversarial environments characterized by reactive jamming attacks. A comprehensive experimental testbed was developed, integrating BLE and LoRa nodes, a dual-protocol gateway, and a reactive jammer emulator. We introduce an adaptive clustering algorithm that performs energy-aware role assignment and jamming mitigation based on signal anomaly detection and multi-metric routing. To validate its effectiveness, we conducted an extensive time-series analysis on energy consumption, retransmission rates, and signal resilience under both mitigated and non-mitigated conditions across BLE-only, LoRa-only, and hybrid BLE-LoRa networks. The results show protocol-dependent performance trade-offs under the proposed mitigation algorithm. While LoRa-only and hybrid BLE–LoRa networks exhibit consistent reductions in energy consumption, retransmissions, and variability, the BLE-only configuration demonstrates improved resilience at the cost of a moderate increase in energy usage and retransmission activity due to clustering and control overhead. Notably, the BLE-LoRa architecture balances delivery assurance and energy efficiency while maintaining communication even under interference. Furthermore, we provide statistical modeling and hypothesis testing confirming the mitigation algorithm’s significant impact. These findings offer a critical empirical contribution to the design of resilient and energy-aware heterogeneous WSNs and demonstrate the viability of real-time adaptive mitigation strategies for emerging smart environments.

Emerging indoor visible light communication and positioning (VLCP) technology is placed among those of recent hot topics as it is capable of declaring the spatial location of objects, providing users with highly accurate positioning coordinates in 3-D with side benefits e.g., no RF interference generation, low cost, and minimized hardware. The current demand for multiple applications in various fields has called for the development of a robust, accurate, and optimized device that leverages the capabilities of VLCP technology. This system is of particular interest as it promises to deliver reliable results for numerous applications. In this paper, the design procedure of high precision indoor 3-D VLCP system is defined as an optimization problem which is solved by utilizing metaheuristic algorithms.

Until a safe and effective vaccine to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus is developed and available for the global population, preventive measures, such as wearable tracking and monitoring systems supported by Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures, are valuable tools for containing the pandemic. In this review paper we analyze innovative wearable systems for limiting the virus spread, early detection of the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 infection, and remote monitoring of the health conditions of infected patients during the quarantine. The attention is focused on systems allowing quick user screening through ready-to-use hardware and software components. Such sensor-based systems monitor the principal vital signs, detect symptoms related to COVID-19 early, and alert patients and medical staff. Novel wearable devices for complying with social distancing rules and limiting interpersonal contagion (such as smart masks) are investigated and analyzed. In addition, an overview of implantable devices for monitoring the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system is presented. Then we report an overview of tracing strategies and technologies for containing the COVID-19 pandemic based on IoT technologies, wearable devices, and cloud computing. In detail, we demonstrate the potential of radio frequency based signal technology, including Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi, and radio frequency identification (RFID), often combined with Apps and cloud technology. Finally, critical analysis and comparisons of the different discussed solutions are presented, highlighting their potential and providing new insights for developing innovative tools for facing future pandemics.