To construct time slot synchronization for further resource management of ultraviolet (UV) networks, we propose a slot synchronization protocol based on flooding time and power optimization. Beacon sequence is applied to broadcast slot information without exchanging messages. Firstly, we propose slot synchronization schemes based on beacon sequence for two cases, with both multiple initialization nodes and a single initialization node. Then, we investigate the network synchronization accuracy with non-overlapping and overlapping beacons, as well as the synchronization accuracy of the entire network. Based on the network synchronization accuracy results, we propose power optimization to expand the synchronization range and enhance the synchronization probability. Numerical results show that power optimization can approximately achieve 18% higher synchronization success probability and 15% larger network synchronization range. Moreover, the proposed synchronization scheme is approximately 10 time periods shorter than meshed emergent firefly synchronization (MEMFIS), with approximately 40% lower network synchronization error.

This work aims to optimize the synchronization sequence for optical wireless communication with a photoncounting receiver. We propose a “Sandwich” structure of the synchronization sequence, including two equilong RANDOM parts on both ends and a 1 − 0 alternate part between them. We investigate the synchronization error event and analyze its statistical characteristics up to the second order. Based on the second-order properties, we propose an upper bound on the synchronization mean-squared error (MSE) via Gaussian approximation. Furthermore, we optimize the synchronization sequence based on the upper bound, subject to the constraint that the probability of deviating even symbols is lower than a certain threshold. Numerical results on the correlation show the accuracy of statistical properties up to the second order, as well as the accuracy of Gaussian approximation. Moreover, it is numerically demonstrated that the optimized sequence obtained from the upper bound is close to that obtained from the real synchronization MSE. Compared with pure random 0 − 1 sequence, m-sequence, Gold sequence, and Barker-like sequence, the synchronization MSE can be significantly reduced.