When we design assistive robots, we are largely well-intentioned: we want to use our research and engineering skills to help others. However, to meet this end, as we move towards more disability- and social justice-oriented HRI research, it is important to critically examine the dominant social narratives of disability that shape how assistive robots for disabled people are conceptualized, designed, and deployed. In this paper, we introduce the concept of robot-mediated paternalism (RMP), drawing on a multidisciplinary body of literature, including critical HCI and crip technoscience. Then, we discuss how RMP may manifest when assistive robots provide unwanted assistance to disabled people and interfere with their decisions/actions based on assumptions about their autonomy and care needs. Finally, we reflect on and offer actionable suggestions for how HRI researchers might mitigate RMP by aligning their work with the principles of disability justice. Overall, our work advances disability-centered research on assistive robots and, in doing so, supports more equitable, inclusive futures for disabled communities.

Control devices are essential in shaping the user experience of telepresence robot operators. This is especially true for mobile telemanipulator robots (MTRs), which offer greater opportunities for social interaction compared to mobile or tabletop telepresence robots, but are more difficult to control. This increased difficulty can diminish key aspects of user experience, such as sense of control (SoC), which many users value over performance. However, the usability of telepresence control devices has been critically overlooked in HRI research. In a between-subjects study (n = 63), we investigate how three widely used control devices (mouse, gamepad, haptic controller) affect critical aspects of teleoperation: perceived SoC, safety, usability, and cognitive load; and task performance. Participants remotely controlled an MTR (Stretch) to wait on a customer in a social telepresence setting (cafe). We found that the type of control device significantly impacts both task performance and SoC in direct teleoperation, with the mouse having the best performance/SoC. There were notable tradeoffs in speeds, errors, and task completion times, and participants with higher SoC performed significantly better than those with lower SoC. We provide participant-informed suggestions for future control device design, such as allowing users to reconfigure its physical form, input sensitivity, and controls to align with video game conventions. By foregrounding the role of control devices, our work contributes to ongoing conversations in HRI around the tradeoffs between autonomy, usability, and user agency in social telepresence.

Patients with cancer (PwC) have a hard time getting prompt treatment in acute care settings, and feel unseen, unheard, and neglected. This is due to systemic problems: worldwide, Emergency Department (ED) healthcare workers (HCWs) are overworked and EDs are understaffed. Robots will not fix these problems; however, prior work suggests if well-designed and contextualized, they may support cancer care. Based on longstanding collaborations with PwC and ED HCWs, in this paper we report on an exploration of the design space of social robots for acute cancer care. Using a care ethics lens, we found robots can be uniquely positioned to amplify compassion within deeply human care relationships through their social presence, while performing routine tasks, such as patient monitoring. However, participants suggested the human experiences of pain and distress may remain elusive for robots to engage with meaningfully. Our work reveals HCWs and PwC saw robots as means to expand relational care in the ED, and explores how future HRI research may meaningfully support these care relationships.

Long Covid (LC) is a debilitating, multisystemic disease that has emerged as the largest mass-disabling event in recent history. Due to the episodic disability and stigma associated with the condition, people with LC (PwLC) often experience social isolation. Mobile telemanipulator robots (MTRs) have the potential to support remote social inclusion for PwLC. However, nuanced MTR design is necessary to accommodate PwLC’s fluctuating symptoms and avoid exacerbating them due to the complexities of teleoperation. In this work, we conducted participatory research with eight PwLC to explore how MTRs can be designed to support their needs. Through online, semi-structured interviews, we found that all participants recognized the potential of MTRs to enhance social inclusion across various settings. Our findings highlight the importance of providing PwLC with adaptive, autonomous support during teleoperation to meet their pacing needs and minimize exertion. Many PwLC preferred MTRs with adjustable autonomy, as they would offer greater agency over the robot’s actions in social spaces. Due to concerns about stigma, participants also wanted MTRs to provide flexible control over the visibility of their disability, allowing them to manage how others perceive them according to their preferences and context. Based on these findings, we present key design considerations, grounded in critical disability studies and critical access studies, for designing MTRs that support remote social inclusion for PwLC while safeguarding their well-being. This work serves as a basis for developing accessible MTR systems that promote inclusivity for PwLC and other chronic conditions.

Emergency department (ED) healthcare workers (HCWs) are interrupted as often as once every six minutes, increasing the risk of errors and preventable patient harm. As more robots enter hospitals, and the ED, they must support HCWs in managing interruptions, and ideally mitigate their harmful effects, without disrupting ED communication. However, interruption-mitigation strategies, particularly for mobile telemanipulator robots (MTRs), are not well understood. In this work, we explore interruption-mitigation and reorientation methods for MTRs in the ED. We conducted a study where ED HCWs teleoperated an MTR in a realistic hospital simulation environment. Our findings revealed insights on how MTRs might support multitasking in environments with frequent task switching, and the place of autonomy in safety-critical spaces. Conflicting opinions about the appropriateness of different MTR behaviors highlighted challenges and ethical dilemmas that influence the integration of MTRs in the ED. This work will support the implementation of interruption-mitigation strategies on MTRs, enabling them to better support people in fast-paced, interruption-driven environments thus reducing the risk of errors in these situations.