Commit messages explain code changes in a commit and facilitate collaboration among developers. Several commit message generation approaches have been proposed; however, they exhibit limited success in capturing the context of code changes. We propose Comet ( C ontext-Aware C o mmit Me ssage Genera t ion) , a novel approach that captures context of code changes using a graph-based representation and leverages a transformer-based model to generate high-quality commit messages. Our proposed method utilizes delta graph that we developed to effectively represent code differences. We also introduce a customizable quality assurance module to identify optimal messages, mitigating subjectivity in commit messages. Experiments show that Comet outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of bleu -norm and meteor metrics while being comparable in terms of rouge-l . Additionally, we compare the proposed approach with the popular gpt-3.5-turbo model, along with gpt-4 —the most capable GPT model, over zero-shot, one-shot, and multi-shot settings. We found Comet outperforming the GPT models, on five and four metrics respectively and provide competitive results with the two other metrics. The study has implications for researchers, tool developers, and software developers. Software developers may utilize Comet to generate context-aware commit messages. Researchers and tool developers can apply the proposed delta graph technique in similar contexts, like code review summarization.

Deep learning (DL) models are being widely deployed in real-world applications, but their usage remains computationally intensive and energy-hungry. While prior work has examined model-level energy usage, the energy footprint of the DL frameworks, such as TensorFlow and PyTorch, used to train and build these models, has not been thoroughly studied. We present Greenlight, a large-scale dataset containing fine-grained energy profiling information of 1284 TensorFlow API calls. We developed a command line tool called CodeGreen to curate such a dataset. CodeGreen is based on our previously proposed framework FECoM, which employs static analysis and code instrumentation to isolate invocations of Tensor-Flow operations and measure their energy consumption precisely. By executing API calls on representative workloads and measuring the consumed energy, we construct detailed energy profiles for the APIS. Several factors, such as input data size and the type of operation, significantly impact energy footprints. Greenlight provides a ground-truth dataset capturing energy consumption along with relevant factors such as input parameter size to take the first step towards optimization of energy-intensive TensorFlow code. The Greenlight dataset opens up new research directions such as predicting API energy consumption, automated optimization, modeling efficiency trade-offs, and empirical studies into energy-aware DL system design.

With the increasing usage, scale, and complexity of Deep Learning ( dl ) models, their rapidly growing energy consumption has become a critical concern. Promoting green development and energy awareness at different granularities is the need of the hour to limit carbon emissions of dl systems. However, the lack of standard and repeatable tools to accurately measure and optimize energy consumption at fine granularity (e.g., at the api level) hinders progress in this area. This paper introduces FECoM (Fine-grained Energy Consumption Meter) , a framework for fine-grained dl energy consumption measurement. FECoM enables researchers and developers to profile dl api s from energy perspective. FECoM addresses the challenges of fine-grained energy measurement using static instrumentation while considering factors such as computational load and temperature stability. We assess FECoM ’s capability for fine-grained energy measurement for one of the most popular open-source dl frameworks, namely TensorFlow . Using FECoM , we also investigate the impact of parameter size and execution time on energy consumption, enriching our understanding of TensorFlow api s’ energy profiles. Furthermore, we elaborate on the considerations and challenges while designing and implementing a fine-grained energy measurement tool. This work will facilitate further advances in dl energy measurement and the development of energy-aware practices for dl systems.