Due to the increasing need for accurate location-based services, indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have evolved rapidly. This study reviews the literature published from 2010 to 2024, employing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology for the identification, screening, validation, and inclusion of research literature. By exploring the complexities of IPS methodologies, algorithms, technologies, and challenges, this study offers a comprehensive introduction for researchers, scholars, and specialists. Additionally, the scope of this study expands its focus to encompass mapping techniques, such as crowdsourcing, geographic information systems (GISs), remote sensing, LiDAR, cartography, and augmented reality (AR). The findings of this study will contribute to the increased applicability of these methods and techniques in the field of urban planning and environmental management. Contributing to the expanding pool of knowledge on indoor positioning, this work is a valuable resource for those exploring the ever-changing field of IPS. This work not only contributes to the academic but also bridges the gap between scientific discoveries and practical, real-world applications.

E-commerce websites are doing extremely well despite the global slowdown in the traditional brick-and-mortar retail industry. Web page design, search options, and graphical layout may greatly influence the customer base of any e-commerce website. This paper intends to identify the most influential elements of a graphical interface and their effect on consumers’ visual attention. Visual layouts having major influence on customers’ decisions during online shopping were investigated using eye-gaze tracking. Data from 76 respondents were collected to identify parts of the graphical interface attaining maximum user attention in terms of first fixation of eye-gaze and fixation count. Heat maps were used to visualize the results. The results revealed a clear impact of graphical interface on gaining user attention. Further, the experiment also revealed gender-specific visual preferences toward various parts of graphical user interface. The results may further be extended to evaluate product design, packaging design, promotional design, and graphical interfaces of websites.