Recently, the concept of intelligent cyber-physical transportation systems (ICTS) has entered the vehicle network, providing more efficient, safe, and sustainable services by applying intelligent technology to the transportation system. Because the communication channel between the vehicle and the cloud service provider (CSP) is open and insecure. Therefore, we must construct a secure Vehicle-to-CSP (V2C) communication scheme to ensure the security of vehicle privacy data. Current communication schemes mainly have two limitations. One is that the user’s role in communication is not considered, and the other is that the computational and communication overhead are not sufficiently low to satisfy the low latency requirements. To address the deficiencies, we propose a user-centric V2C communication scheme. The primary key in the signature is concealed, which ensures the confidentiality of the user’s legal real identity. Its main steps, based on the extended Chebyshev chaotic map and hash function, reduce the computational and communication overhead in the process. The security proof and analysis show that our proposed scheme satisfies the security and privacy requirements. The performance analysis shows that our proposed scheme outperforms other related schemes.