Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used for uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)-based jamming detection by selecting hypothesis-test thresholds on received signal strength (RSS) to safeguard large language model (LLM) inference over wireless links. However, existing methods struggle against smart jammers with dynamic jamming probability. In this paper, we propose a UAV-based jamming detection scheme for LLM-enabled wireless networks to detect smart jamming. The proposed scheme augments traditional wireless features with an LLM-inferred communication environment indicator derived from multimodal sensing (e.g., images/videos from mobile devices), improving accuracy beyond RSS alone. Our approach jointly optimizes the test threshold and the UAV’s sniffer channel assignment, even with a limited number of antennas. We achieve this via a RL policy that leverages UAV imagery, e.g., suspicious radio devices and measuring relative distances, to accelerate detection speed. We implement the proposed scheme on a UAV equipped with a universal software radio peripheral to alert on jamming attacks in a wireless network integrated with a 7-billion-parameter vision-language multimodal LLM. Experiments with a UAV at 3 m detecting a smart jammer during image–text LLM inference across three mobile devices and an edge server demonstrate improvements in both detection accuracy and speed.

Network interface card (NIC) enabled active drone detection that analyzes the WiFi channel state information (CSI) variations due to drone vibrations and propeller rotations, which depends on frequent channel estimation to obtain sufficient CSI samples to distinguish drone motion-related information such as Doppler effects. However, the detection is inaccurate against interference due to the degraded channel estimation performance, such as pilot symbol error, and the excessive CSI sampling rate resulting in high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning assisted WiFi CSI based energy-efficient drone detection against interference, which optimizes the signal sampling across NICs regarding the transmit channel and the CSI sampling rate as well as the detection threshold. Based on the received signal strength indicator and the sampled CSI data in terms of amplitude and phase, the detection policy is chosen to enhance the utility as a weighted sum of the drone detection accuracy and energy consumption. The filtering mechanism quantifies policy similarity through the Kullback-Leibler divergences of both sampled data distributions and detection performance metrics to eliminate redundant policies, thereby improving policy exploration efficiency. Experiment results based on two NICs controlled by a Raspberry Pi and a laptop to detect a DJI Mavic 3 in the outdoor environment against interference show the performance gain over the benchmark.

Reinforcement learning based jamming detection that chooses the test threshold to evaluate the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the packet loss rate is inaccurate for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) lacking target indication against smart jammers. In this paper, we propose a UAV swarm-enabled multimodal jamming detection scheme to optimize the test thresholds based on vision information such as object classes and relative distances, along with the RSSI, the channel gain and the communication performance, including packet delivery ratio, bit error rate and packet delivery delay. A machine learning classifier is used to assess the joint variation among RSSI, channel gain and communication performance, with the output outlier score compared with the test threshold to detect the jammer. The detection results shared from neighboring UAVs are exploited in the update of policy distribution to refine jamming signal resolution and thus reduce the miss detection rate. The utility bound is derived based on the Nash equilibrium of the jamming detection game between the UAV swarm and the jammer. Experimental results based on 5 UAVs to detect a smart jammer show that our proposed scheme enhances the detection accuracy compared with the benchmarks.

Both the radio spectrum features such as power spectral density (PSD) and the communication performance such as packet loss rate (PLR) can be exploited to detect jamming attacks, with the resulting detection results used to enhance the reliability of wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-based jamming detection scheme based on the channel energy, the received signal strength indi-cator of each packet, the channel gains, PLR and transmission latency of mobile devices, in which the test threshold and the number of PSD bins are optimized by access point to enhance the utility as a weighted function of the detection speed and accuracy. The detection results are exploited for mobile devices to choose the transmit power and channel to reduce the PLR and transmission latency. Experimental results based on the universal software radio peripheral and Raspberry Pi to detect four jamming types including constant, sweeping, random and smart jamming show that our proposed schemes improve the detection accuracy and speed, as well as the communication performance.

Reinforcement learning (RL) based flying ad-hoc network (FANET) routing enables unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to choose the next-hop to increase the packet delivery ratio, but the routing latency and energy consumption have to be further reduced over inaccurate feedback for large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose an RL based energy-efficient fast routing for each UAV to choose the forwarding decision and the power. Based on the state consisting of the battery level, channel conditions and forwarding decisions of the one-hop neighbors, the routing policy is chosen to enhance the utility as the weighted sum of the delivery success indicator, the latency and the energy consumption. The number of the latency violations and the learning parameters shared among the one-hop neighbors are exploited in the update of the routing policy distribution following the latency constraint with the reduced energy consumption. The deep neural networks address the state quantization error of the latency and the channel gain for UAVs with high mobility under large-scale networks. The performance bound regarding the end-to-end latency and the energy consumption is derived in terms of network topology and channel gain based on the packet forwarding game. The performance gain over the benchmark is provided via both simulation and experimental results.