This paper studies the rational synthesis problem for multi-player games played on graphs when rational players are following subgame perfect equilibria. In these games, one player, the system, declares his strategy upfront, and the other players, composing the environment, then rationally respond by playing strategies forming a subgame perfect equilibrium. We study the complexity of the rational synthesis problem when the players have ω-regular objectives encoded as parity objectives. Our algorithm is based on an encoding into a three-player game with imperfect information, showing that the problem is in 2ExpTime. When the number of environment players is fixed, the problem is in ExpTime and is NP- and coNP-hard. Moreover, for a fixed number of players and reachability objectives, we get a polynomial algorithm.

This paper revisits timed games by building upon the semantics introduced in "The Element of Surprise in Timed Games" [Luca de Alfaro et al., 2003]. We introduce some modifications to this semantics for two primary reasons: firstly, we recognize instances where the original semantics appears counterintuitive in the context of controller synthesis; secondly, we present methods to develop efficient zone-based algorithms. Our algorithm successfully addresses timed parity games, and we have implemented it using UPPAAL’s zone library. This prototype effectively demonstrates the feasibility of a zone-based algorithm for parity objectives and a rich semantics for timed interactions between the players.