This study aimed to identify core herbal combinations for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) treatment from multiple senior Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) experts. We analyzed prescription data from 4,729 RA inpatients using constrained frequent closed itemset mining. The results revealed distinct core prescriptions from different experts, such as strategies focused on reinforcing the spleen, warming the kidney, activating blood circulation, and clearing heat. These combinations reflect the TCM principle of “treating the same disease with different methods” and are suited for specific clinical patterns of RA. This data-driven approach provides a foundation for standardizing TCM diagnosis and treatment and advancing precision medicine for RA.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by underlying pathological manifestations such as synovitis and abnormalities in blood vessels. To retrospectively analyze the correlation between medication use and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) changes in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) treated with Chinese herbal medicine or Western medicine injections at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, evaluating the clinical impact of these medications on ESR reduction. Medical records of 440 RA patients hospitalized in the Rheumatology and Immunology Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine between November 2019 and January 2025, who received combination therapy with Chinese herbal medicine or Western medicine injections, were collected. ESR levels before and after treatment were compared, and the correlation between the use of specific Chinese herbs or Western medicine injections and ESR reduction was analyzed. Compared to pre-treatment levels, the ESR levels in the 440 RA patients significantly decreased after treatment, with a statistically significant difference$(P<0.05)$. Specifically, ESR decreased from$(53.63 \pm 29.96)$mm/h before treatment to$(29.85 \not \leq 23.30) \text{mm} / \mathrm{h}$after treatment. The use of Mulberry Leaf (Sang Ye), Ophiopogon Root (Mai Dong), Trichosanthes Root (Tian Hua Fen), Glehnia Root (Bei Sha Shen), Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection, Insulin Injection, Sodium Hyaluronate Injection, and Compound Betamethasone Injection showed a positive correlation with ESR reduction. Conversely, the use of Prepared Aconite Root (Fu Zi), Forsythia Fruit (Lian Qiao), Astragalus Root (Huang Qi), Pueraria Root (Ge Gen), and Fresh Ginger (Sheng Jiang) showed a negative correlation with ESR reduction. This retrospective analysis suggests that Mulberry Leaf (Sang Ye), Ophiopogon Root (Mai Dong), Trichosanthes Root (Tian Hua Fen), Glehnia Root (Bei Sha Shen), and Compound Betamethasone Injection can significantly reduce ESR levels in RA patients, effectively suppressing inflammatory responses, and are worthy of clinical application.

Nowadays, visual object detection (VOD) is widely used in many AI applications, such as autonomous driving, intelligent robotics, and smart surveillance. As an essential postprocessing step in VOD, nonmaximum suppression (NMS) is employed to generate bounding boxes as detection results. However, NMS is difficult to parallelize and computationally intensive, resulting in high processing latency and energy consumption. To address this issue, this brief proposes an energy-efficient block-based NMS engine that incorporates both algorithm- and hardware-level design techniques to improve processing speed and energy efficiency. These techniques include a block-NMS scheme, an adaptive hybrid sorting architecture (AHSA), and a reconfigurable pipeline-based block-NMS computation architecture. The proposed engine is implemented in 28-nm CMOS technology. Compared with the state-of-the-art designs, it achieves the highest performance (237.97 GOPS) and energy efficiency (8.71 TOPS/W), while delivering results fully equivalent to those of the original NMS.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by underlying pathological manifestations such as synovitis and abnormalities in blood vessels. By mining the real electronic medical record data of RA patients, this paper divides the respondents into glucocorticoid group and non-glucocorticoid group, then describes the use of traditional Chinese and Western medicines in RA patients. Subsequently, the article analyzes the differences in medication frequency between the two groups. The results indicate that Atractylodes macrocephalus, Zhimu, Tripterygium wilfordii polysaccharide tablets, Xiangdan Injection, Danshen Injection, and Rhodiola Rosea Dazhu Injection were used more frequently in the glucocorticoid group. Additionally, the frequency of Western medicine use was generally higher in the glucocorticoid group compared to the non-glucocorticoid group, and this difference was statistically significant. In summary, the primary medications used for RA patients are Western medicines, supplemented by traditional Chinese medicines. Western medicines primarily exert anti-inflammatory effects, while traditional Chinese medicines can enhance the efficacy of RA treatment and reduce the incidence of osteoporosis..

This study utilized electronic medical record data of RA inpatients to ascertain potential risk factors associated with patient readmission. Specifically, the investigation concentrated on the impact of various Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndromes, comorbidities, interactions between TCM syndromes and comorbidities, as well as interactions among comorbidities themselves, on the likelihood of hospital readmission among RA patients. The present study employed logistic regression analysis to examine the interaction between dichotomous variables. The findings revealed that individuals diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experiencing arthralgia caused by wind-cold-dampness, in addition to hyperlipidemia, exhibited a heightened likelihood of hospital readmission. Similarly, RA patients with hyperlipidemia and the syndrome of dampness-heat blocking collaterals were found to be at an even greater risk of readmission. Furthermore, individuals with RA and comorbidities such as atherosclerosis and chronic gastritis were identified as being at a high risk of readmission. Lastly, RA patients with hyperlipidemia and fatty liver were also found to have an increased likelihood of being readmitted to the hospital. Hence, it is advisable to closely monitor the disease progression among the aforementioned population and implement essential interventions in clinical practice to mitigate the readmission rate of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), consequently alleviating the disease and economic burdens experienced by patients.

Exploring the genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with blood-stasis syndrome may shed light on the pathology studies of RA patients subtyped blood-stasis named in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) towards precision and personalized medicine. In this study, GWAS (genome-wide association study) and enrichment analysis were deployed on GSE205962 which is a gene expression data set from whole blood samples of RA patients with blood-stasis syndrome. Together with knowledge accumulated on RA, gene profiling results indicate RA-associated pathways, together with primary immunodeficiency, indicate a highly expressed gene set that is associated with RA patients with blood-stasis syndrome. The genes are AIRE, IFNG, IFNB1, IRF5, IL4, HSP90B2P, IL12B, IFNA1, and FLT1. The genes associated with RA patients with blood-stasis syndrome were validated via raw expression data and evidence collected from the literature.

Exploring the gene expression profile of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with qi-blood-deficiency syndrome may shed light on the pathology of RA patients with qi-blood-deficiency syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) towards precision medicine. In this study, GWAS (genome-wide association study), enrichment analysis, and visualizations were deployed on GSE205962 containing samples of RA patients with qi-blood-deficiency syndrome compared with healthy ones. As a result, more than half of differentially expressed genes were weakened/inhibited in RA patients with qi-blood-deficiency syndrome. To be enriched and demonstrated in KEGG RA-associated pathways, these pathways are all weakened and imbalanced with three gene groups: the activated, the inhibited, and the normal group. Besides, enrichment analysis also demonstrated that many signaling pathways are weakened and imbalanced by the development of RA with qi-blood-deficiency syndrome.

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared among different yet associated pathways on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may shed light on its pathology study. In this study, DEGs of RA subtyped liver-kidney deficiency (a syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine) were collected from the GSE205962 dataset toward the roles they played among RA-associated pathways. GWAS (genome-wide association study) and enrichment analysis demonstrated that the AP-1 transcription factor-associated genes are the top DEGs shared by the RA-associated pathways. As a result, the AP-1 delivers complex regulations on immune responses e.g. activating T cells via up-regulating JUN, FOS, MAPKs, and NFKB1B while inhibiting IKBKB, LCK, NFKB1, CD3D, et al. The protein networks of DEGs shared in the T cell receptor signaling pathway and Th17 cell differentiation, together with the AP-1-centered network, were proposed.

In clinical fights against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the unique integrated medicine in China involves using biologics of adalimumab, glucocorticoids, and Chinese medicines for better therapeutic effects e.g. anti-inflammation (9.4 days of average hospital stay: 72% reduced C-reactive protein, 71% decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and less side effects e.g. retarded osteoporosis (8.8% RA patients were diagnosed with osteoporosis compared with about 30% onset ratio without Chinese medicines). To uncover the candidate mechanisms of Chinese medicines against RA and osteoporosis, bioinformatics analysis was carried out with hospitalized information, blood tests and microarray data. As a result, three core Chinese medicines identified not only deliver a significant coordinative regulation network against RA inflammation, but also retard osteoporosis with their bioactive compounds, targeted genes/proteins, and genes/proteins involved with RA and osteoporosis.

In China, the integration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) delivers both low-level inflammation indexes and less side effects. Thus, exploring the mechanism of TCM against RA might help to explore the pathology of RA. As the diagnosis of TCM is based on syndrome differentiation and deficiency of liver and kidney is the leading one, then, explore associated Chinese medicines against RA may shed light on the therapeutic regulation network. In this study, network pharmacology analysis was carried out based on bioactive compounds, targeted proteins and protein interactions towards RA. As a result, the regulation network against RA delivered by the top five Chinese medicines was constructed. Further bioinformatics analysis on participant genes not only elucidate the relationships to RA and immune response, but also the reduced side effects e.g. osteoporosis. Validation of the therapeutic effect on RA patients was done via check indexes on C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Potential effects of the delivered regulation network were demonstrated with heatmap on the microarray data of RA synovium tissue.

In clinical fights against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), tofacitinib and glucocorticoids are usually combined with Chinese medicines in China for better therapeutic effects against inflammation (9.6 days of average hospital stay, 73% reduced C-reactive protein, 69% decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate) with fewer side effects of osteoporosis (16.6% RA patients were diagnosed with osteoporosis compared with around 30% onset ratio without Chinese medicines). To discover the candidate mechanisms of Chinese medicines against RA and osteoporosis, bioinformatics analysis was launched with hospitalized data, blood tests, and microarray. As a result, six top Chinese medicines were identified to deliver significant coordinative regulation networks against RA inflammation while reducing osteoporosis with their bioactive compounds, targeted genes/proteins, and genes/proteins associated with RA and osteoporosis.

Pain in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints is the most significant symptom which is a multifactor process that may link to peripheral joint inflammation, disease progression, structural change, and the dysregulation of the central nervous system. In clinical practices, a ternate Chinese medicine (e.g. PAEONIAE RADIX ALBA/ 白芍, CHUANXIONG RHIZOMA/ 川芎, and CORYDALIS RHIZOMA/ 延胡索) can alleviate pain significantly. However, due to the complexity of multi-constituent, multi-compound, multi-target, and multi-regulation, the mechanism is not clear. In this study, targeting the RA pain pathways, bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis were deployed to explore the pain alleviation mechanism. As a result, this study delivered a candidate mechanism network: 6 bioactive compounds of the ternate Chinese medicines inhibit 24 target proteins (e.g. IL4/6/1B, NFKB1/2, MAPK8, et a1) which also further regulate 14 downstream proteins (e.g., CXCLS, CCL2, TRAF6, et al.). The mechanism network was also validated with the RNA transcript microarray data with samples of a normal control group, joint pain group, and RA group.

One interesting question between the Homo Sapiens and other mammal species is their protein sequence similarities. In this study, based on the global alignment algorithm with the substitution matrix of “BLOSUM62”, calculations were carried out on protein sequence similarities within Homo Sapiens and mammal species, protein families and specified proteins across species. As a result, protein sequence similarities among Homo Sapiens and other mammal species are around 19%; protein families share similarities ranges from around 20%-90%.

The onion (Allium cepa L.), is a functional vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed around the world with its anti-atherosclerosis activity and delicious tastes. Studies reported that quercetin, the main flavones of onion, exhibits anti-atherogenic effects via regulating dozens of proteins and genes. Till now, no mechanism network of onion quercetin against the development of atherosclerosis was constructed. In this study, evidenced items were collected to constructed the mechanism network of quercetin from onion via regulating dozens of proteins/genes to block the atherosclerosis pathways. As a result, proteins and genes participating atherosclerosis pathways were negatively regulated by onion quercetin and they form the candidate mechanism network which were also validated with the microarray evidence on the development of atherosclerosis under the stimulation of cholesterol.

Angelicae Sinensis Radix, also called Dang-Gui in Chinese, is an important and widely used natural product in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae with therapeutic properties of “menstrual regulation”. However, the underlying mechanisms on the molecular-interaction-level are still under exploration. In this study, based on evidenced bioactive compounds, targeted genes and proteins, different level functional annotations on gene ontology biological processes (GOBP) was deployed and then validated with microarray data. As a result, participating-fold analysis of targeted proteins revealed that the rhythmic process is the top GOBP. Further analysis indicated that the ovulation cycle process is associated with both the rhythmic process and TCM clinical relevance. After that, a kernel candidate regulation network was constructed towards the therapeutic properties of menstrual regulation identified in TCM that is delivered by Dang-Gui.

Ginseng is an important herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with therapeutic properties of “reinforcing primary qi” and “pulse restoring and blocking depletion” that are mentioned in both TCM textbooks and the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. However, the underlying mechanisms are still under exploration. In this study, based on evidenced bioactive compounds and targeted genes/proteins, top-level functional annotation towards gene ontology biological processes was deployed and then validated with transcript microarray data. As a result, a kernel candidate regulation network was constructed towards the therapeutic properties of ginseng identified in TCM. Functional annotation indicated three associated biological processes e.g. (1) cell killing, (2) rhythmic process, and (3) growth. In short, through regulating the three processes, the therapeutic properties of “reinforcing primary qi” and “pulse restoring and blocking depletion” identified in TCM can be roughly elaborated and validated.

Astragali Radix, called Huang-Qi in Chinese, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with therapeutic effects of “tonifying qi” that is identified in both TCM formulae, textbooks, and the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. However, the underlying mechanisms of the bioactive compounds and target proteins are still under exploration. In this study, based on evidenced bioactive compounds and targeted genes/proteins, different level functional annotations towards gene ontology biological processes and KEGG pathways were deployed and validated. As a result, the candidate molecular regulation network was constructed towards the “tonifying qi”. Functional annotation indicated one outstanding biological process called cell killing which is tightly associated with immunoenhancement. In short, the “tonifying qi” effect identified in TCM on Astragali Radix might be associated with immunoenhancement by various modern bio-medical studies.

Dioscoreae Rhizoma, also called Shan-Yao in Chinese, is a tonic food and herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Recent biomedical researches on Shan-Yao mainly focused on cancer and immune responses that are scattered in the literature. To build a holistic view of the immunoregulation functions delivered by Shan-Yao, the dispersed experimental knowledge items were collected, integrated, analyzed, and demonstrated. As a result, a candidate regulation network was constructed towards the immunoregulation. This network was composed of Shan-Yao, bioactive compounds, target proteins, protein interactions, pathway enrichment, and functional annotations. Functional annotations demonstrated the cell killing process is tightly associated with immunoregulation scenarios under different conditions via pathway enrichment, all are participated by the same target proteins of Shan-Yao.

Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome (AMR) has been identified in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with “spleen tonifying” effect. In TCM clinical practices, AMR has been widely used against “spleen deficiency” syndrome associated diseases e.g., chronic gastritis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still under exploration. In this study, based on evidenced knowledge items of bio-active compounds and targeted proteins, bioinformatics analysis towards underlying mechanisms was deployed. As a result, a key candidate process of regulation on secretion was identified. For all 14 network participating proteins, 8 had been evidenced with regulations on secretion of gastritis acid. Gene expression data of chronic gastritis also provide support evidences. In brief, the positive regulation on protein secretion of gastric acid delivered by AMR might be the underlying mechanism of “spleen tonifying” observed in TCM clinical practices.

Carthami Flos (CF), a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in TCM prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines against contusion and potential bone fractures and striated muscle damages for its outstanding healing functions. Although intensively studied, its healing mechanisms w.r.t. TCM theory are still not elucidated at protein interaction level. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was deployed based on experiment-evidenced reliable knowledge on bio-active compounds and targeted proteins. Further enrichment analysis revealed three key role healing functions provided by CF e.g., regulation of blood vessel diameter, ossification, and regulation of striated muscle development. Besides, underlying protein interaction networks were also proposed and validated. This study provided a reliable approach to study the therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese medicines.

Carthami Flos (CF), a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used in TCM prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines against contusion and potential bone fractures and striated muscle damages for its outstanding healing functions. Although intensively studied, its healing mechanisms w.r.t. TCM theory are still not elucidated at protein interaction level. In this study, bioinformatics analysis was deployed based on experiment-evidenced reliable knowledge on bio-active compounds and targeted proteins. Further enrichment analysis revealed three key role healing functions provided by CF e.g., regulation of blood vessel diameter, ossification, and regulation of striated muscle development. Besides, underlying protein interaction networks were also proposed and validated. This study provided a reliable approach to study the therapeutic mechanisms of Chinese medicines.

Ginger is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which has been identified with positive digestive function regulations e.g. vomit prevention and warming interior. 6-shogaol is one of ginger's major bioactive constituents. In this study, digestive functions regulated by 6-shogaol towards stomach and small intestine were investigated. Started with biomarkers regulated by 6-shogaol reported in PubMed literatures, functional protein-protein interactions (FPPI) from biomarkers to proteins expressed in stomach and small intestine were filtered out. These FPPIs form networks regulated by 6-shogaol. Based on these participant proteins, enrichment analysis mainly focused on metabolic processes e.g. proteolysis, fatty acid, purine, steroid, et al and immune responses. Taken together, through 6-shogaol, ginger can regulate a large variety of metabolic processes to enhance digestive functions so as to prevent vomit and warming interior via these enhanced digestive functions.

Ginger is widely used as a spice and traditional Chinese medicine achieving warming interior for dispelling cold during its long time clinical observations and practices. However, its mechanism is still obscure. In this study, interior is restricted to stomach and small intestine. 6-gingerol, ginger's quality control and main bio-active chemical compound, is chosen to represent ginger. Started with biomarkers reported in literatures. Functional protein-protein interactions (FPPI) from biomarkers to proteins expressed in stomach and small intestine were filtered out. These FPPIs form networks regulated by 6-gingerol targeting interior. Further enrichment analysis highlighted biological processes concentrated on metabolic regulations for more energy generation, metal ion transmembrane transporter activity for better digest, more blood flow volume for nutrient and warmth, and cell cycle regulation to prevent canceration. Taken together, ginger's warming up interior for cold expelling is elaborated via bioinformatics analysis on 6-gingerol.

Triptolide is an important active compound derived from Chinese herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Despite its positive therapeutic effects, the female reproductive toxicity is still blocking its clinical application with its toxicity mechanism is still obscure. In order to tackle the mechanism of female reproductive toxicity, one intuitive approach is to explore the biological molecule network involving targeted proteins and associated ovary expressed proteins. In this study, triptolide's target proteins and their biological functions were analyzed first. Then, focused on the enriched process of negative regulation of cell cycle, targeted proteins, together with proteins expressed in ovary which are contributed in negative regulation of cell cycle were extracted so as to form the female reproductive toxicity molecule network. Finally, three targeted proteins of CASP3, TP53, and MYC were highlighted as the leading causation of female reproductive toxicity. Further analysis indicated that these 3 target proteins can further regulate 21 ovary expressed proteins which also participate in associated processes. This study provides specified molecule level mechanism the female reproductive toxicity of triptolide which can be used to prevent toxicity while keeping its therapeutic effects.

Traditional Chinese medicine has been using Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. (TWHF) against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) over 200 years. Triptolide is an active compound of TWHF with therapeutic effects for auto-immune disease SLE. However, till now, few associated studies were reported and little is known about the mechanism of triptolide against SLE which blocks the new drug discovery. In this study, focused on the proteins participated in the process of immune respond, an integrated bioinformatics analysis covering targeted proteins, SLE OMIM genes, biological process enrichment, and protein-protein interactions (PPI) was deployed. As a result, the candidate therapeutic network against SLE with negative regulation of immune response was proposed. It contains a PPI network of 7 targeted proteins and 7 SLE OMIM genes further regulated by triptolide. Primary validation of this network indicating that processes of apoptosis and pro-inflammatory processes were involved.

Extracted from Chinese herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f., triptolide is an active compound with positive therapeutic effects on immune-regulated disease of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the male reproductive toxicity blocks its wider clinical applications. With the mechanisms of male toxicity is still obscure, it is difficult to tackle its toxicity. In this study, triptolide's male reproductive toxicity mechanisms were carried out through integrated bioinformatics analysis which covers target proteins, further regulated testis proteins, biological process enrichment, and protein-protein interactions. As a result, (1) MYC was identified as the target protein; (2) testis proteins of CCNB1, EZH2, PEG10, and THBS1 were found participated in spermatogenesis; and (3) 3 new candidate testis proteins of CHKA, GAS1, and RCC1 were proposed which might be connected to the male reproductive toxicity.

With limited researches, there is still lack of pathway networks of Chuan-wu (also called Aconitum carmichaelii) against rheumatoid arthritis which might provide clues for further researches. In this study, started from the chemical compounds, proteins targeted by Chuan-wu were explored. After that, pathway networks enriched with these targeted proteins were analyzed with hypergeometric distribution on threshold ofp-value set to 0.001 for pharmacology mechanism. Meanwhile, pathway networks enriched with OMIM genes of rheumatoid arthritis were also calculated for pathology analysis in the same way. Then, these two pathway networks of pharmacology and pathology were merged into one for validation and further predictions. As a result, six pathway networks were predicted which might be responsible for the therapeutic effect against rheumatoid arthritis. They are: disease, signal transduction, metabolism of proteins, cell cycle, metabolism of proteins, and developmental biology.

It is a long histroy that use of acupuncture treatment coronary heart disease (CHD) which belongs to Xiong Bi in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In this paper, application of acupuncture on CHD treatment was analyzed by text mining. The study was focused on the fields of meridian, acupoints, acupuncture method and constructed the associated network of them. By analyzing the network, we found that Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin was the frequently used meridian combined with other meridians and Neiguan was the frequently used acupoint combined with other acupoints for acupuncture treatment on CHD. Electroacupuncture was the common used method and often applied in the meridian of Hand-Jueyin and Hand-Shaoyin. The combinations of meridians, acupoints and methods were demonstrated in network. Results could be helpful for both clinical practice and medical research.

Hypertension becomes a major public health problem due to its serious morbidity and mortality and serious cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and kidney complications. The complementary therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) play important roles in hypertension treatment. Acupuncture, as an important component in TCM, is frequently used in treatment hypertension. In this paper, we mined the data set of literature downloaded from SinoMed on hypertension focused on its treatment with acupuncture technology in TCM common use. The text mining results showed that Shuigou, Zhongshu, Burong, Zusanli, and Taichong were the top 5 acupoints, while Governor Meridian, Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang and Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming were the top 3 meridian used for hypertension treatment. The combinations of acupoints were demonstrated in network, which were widely used in the clinical practices of acupuncture. The results provided good references for both clinical practice and medical research.

Acupoint application therapy is one of the Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) external therapies, which has been used for coronary heart disease (CHD) treatment for a long time. The prescription of acupoint application therapy includes both Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) and acupoints. This study aims to reveal the basic rules of acupoint selection in acupoint application therapy on CHD treatment by text mining study. Results showed that on CHD treatment, the most frequently used acupoint was Danzhong (RN17), followed by Xinshu (BL15), Neiguan (PC6), Zusanli (ST36) and Zhiyang (DU9). Acupoints closing to the heart or with specific functions were more frequently used. Moreover, Xinshu, Danzhong and Neiguan were of the top 3 relationships with other acupoints, while Zusanli and Sanyinjiao (SP6) were in the lower grade. The combination of Xinshu-Danzhong-Neiguan could be regard as the basic acupoint prescription of acupoint application therapy on CHD.

It is well known that acupuncture treatment has an effect on patients with ischemie cerebrovascular disease. This study was aimed to summarize the basic laws of acupoints of ischemie cerebrovascular disease in acupuncture treatment using text mining techniques. First, we proposed the text-mining-based method to collect related literatures about acupuncture treatment of ischemie cerebrovascular disease from Chinese Biomedicai Literature Database, and then the ACCESS database was constructed. Second, structured query language was applied to data processing as well as data stratification algorithm was adopted to analyze the basic laws of acupoints of ischemie cerebrovascular disease in acupuncture treatment. Final, 62,903 documents were retrieved and the results showed that the higher frequency of single point in the treatment of ischemie cerebrovascular disease were sorted in descending order as the following: Renzhong(570), Burong(205), Fufen(186), Youmen(84), Shuifen(58), Baihui(57), Zusanli(55). Moreover, the higher frequency of paired points in the treatment of ischemie cerebrovascular disease were sorted in descending order as the following: Baihui with Dazhui(21), Neiguan with Zusanli(21), Quchi with Zusanli(21), Baihui with Qubin(10), Neiguan with Renzhong(9), Neiguan with Sanyinjiao(9), Neiguan with Yinjiao(9). These findings suggest that the method of text mining can be used to analyze basic acupoint laws through statistical frequency of acupuncture treatment of ischemie cerebrovascular disease and to provide a reference for clinical acupoints.

Hypertension becomes a major public health problem due to its high prevalence and serious complications. The complementary therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) play important roles in hypertension treatment. This study analyzed the application of the TCM external therapy and food therapy by text mining. Subsequently, suitable techniques and methods which were frequently used on hypertension treatment were explored. The text mining results showed that acupuncture, massage, Tuina, auricular-plaster and external application of Chinese herb medicine(CHM) were the top 5 TCM external therapy techniques, while placenta, lily root, pseudo-ginseng, peanut, sea horse, wine, radix aconiti carmichaeli, lemon, soybean and fructus crataegi were the top 10 foods used for hypertension treatment. The combinations of external therapy techniques were demonstrated in network, so does the combinations of the foods. The results provided good references for both clinical practice and medical research.

It is a still a world-wide challenge that hypertensive patients maintain a satisfactory blood pressure control. In TCM practice, traditional physical therapy has shown beneficial to blood pressure (BP) controlling. As the amount of bio medical data in leading databases (i.e. SinoMed, etc.) is growing at an exponential rate, it might be possible to get something meaningful through the techniques developed in data mining. In this paper, focused on hypertension, we proposed an algorithm named two dimensions data slicing to mine rules of Chinese medicinal physical therapies (massage, cupping and so on). The process of mining was done in two dimensions. The one-dimension analyzes the frequencies. The two-dimension analyzes the frequencies of co-existed keyword pairs. By examining the results of these two dimensions, although some noises existed, most regular knowledge of this disease is mined out. This algorithm might be useful in mining rules in the literature of traditional Chinese medicine.

Through several thousands years of clinical research and theoretical thoughts, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated rich experience on hypertension. However, the usage of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) in formulae is flexible in TCM clinical practice according to pattern differentiation. So, it is important to get the composition rules of Chinese herbal medicines through literatures. Based on the keyword list of Chinese herbal medicine, through the keyword filtering skill, we got the lists of Chinese herbal medicines. However, for Chinese herbal medicine, they are not only mentioned in the plain format of herb names, but also densely described in the form of formulae. As formulae are composed by Chinese herbal medicines according the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, so it is necessary to filtering them out and de-compose them back into specified Chinese herbal medicines. In this study, take hypertension for example, we explored the composition-rules of Chinese herbal medicines and the network of TCM pattern with them. Networks of TCM patterns and CHMs which are most frequently used in hypertension treatment are built-up and analyzed, some regularities are obtained in treating hypertension from 175011 records of literature. And this method could provide useful help for TCM clinical application and Chinese medicine research.