Process-oriented models for real-time systems focus on the timing constraints of processes , a focus that can adversely affect resulting designs. Data dependencies between processes create scheduling interactions that limit the times at which processes may execute. Processes are then designed to fit available windows in the overall system schedule. “Fitting in” frequently involves fragmenting processes to fit scheduling windows and/or designing program and data structures for speed rather than for program comprehension. The result is often a system with very sensitive timing that is hard to understand and maintain. As an alternative to process-oriented design, we present time-sensitive objects: a data-oriented model for real-time systems. The time-sensitive object (TSO) model structures systems as time-constrained data, rather than time constrained processing. Object values are extended to object histories in which a sequence of time constrained values describe the evolution of the object over time. Systems comprise a set of objects and their dependencies. The TSO model describes the effects of object operations and the propagation of change among related objects. Periodic objects, a class of objects within the TSO model, are described in detail in this article and compared with traditional periodic processes. Advantages of time-sensitive objects are identified, including greater scheduling independence when processes have data dependencies, more opportunity for concurrency, and greater inherent capability for detection of and tolerance to timing errors.

Abstract A model based on simple, unadorned processes and abstract data types has been proposed for the design and implementation of real‐time systems. We describe our generally successful experiences in using this model for the construction of a real‐time operating system kernel containing services for process control, synchronization, time and input‐output. Our work and results focus on the usefulness of the scheme for designing modules at hardware/software interfaces, for predicting deterministic timing behaviour, and for software development.