Designing robots that people can relate to and understand requires shaping their embodiment and behavior in service of their purpose and use, without getting stuck in predominant robot stereotypes. With this work, we delineate the hybridity of robotic artifacts and discuss leveraging hybridity towards more thoughtful design. In an online study, we asked 103 participants to look at videos featuring robots being active in different contexts. After each video, participants were asked to share their impressions of the robots through questionnaires designed to evaluate four aspects: (1) ontological categorization, (2) behavioral attributions, (3) interaction considerations, and (4) perceived value. Through an interpretative analysis, the hybridity of robotic artifacts is delineated by tracing back responses of participants on the questionnaire items to its video contents through visual inspection. We discuss how the hybridity of robotic artifacts can be traced back to three distinct framings—products for use, social actors, and animate entities—that inform their perceived functional and affective value. Furthermore, we explore how these framings can merge into more complex configurations, including portrayals of robots as objects with intent, as entities that reveal a spectrum of more-than-human sociabilities, and as prompts for discussions about human–robot coexistences. We conclude by reflecting on these findings to consider how leveraging hybridity can inform more thoughtful design approaches in human–robot interaction.

A plethora of toolkits, checklists, and workshops have been developed to bridge the well-documented gap between AI ethics principles and practice. Yet little is known about effects of such interventions on practitioners. We conducted an ethnographic investigation in a major European city organization that developed and works to integrate an ethics toolkit into city operations. We find that the integration of ethics tools by technical teams desta-bilises their boundaries, roles, and mandates around responsibilities and decisions. This lead to emotional discomfort and feelings of vulnerability, which neither toolkit designers nor the organization had accounted for.We leverage the concept of moral stress to argue that this affective experience is a core challenge to the successful integration of ethics tools in technical practice. Even in this best case scenario, organisational structures were not able to deal with moral stress that resulted from attempts to implement responsible technology development practices.

This paper explores the design of expressive movements for service robots in fine-dining restaurants, using a performative approach to understand how robots can be integrated and accepted in complex real-world settings. Drawing on dramaturgical principles, we conducted three research and design activities-speculative enactments, scenario building, and extended reality (XR) simulations-to examine how specific movements of a restaurant service robot and the contexts in which they are performed influence the experiences of guests, serving staff, and managers. We propose that such robots can be conceptualized as “ensemblists,“ capable of adopting multiple roles and collaborating with humans in a larger choreography of service delivery. The study concludes by reflecting on the strengths and limitations of performative approaches in HRI, emphasizing the need to move beyond traditional one-on-one human-robot interaction models and, instead, to consider how robots perform their roles in complex, dynamic environments involving multiple actors.

This full-day workshop is dedicated to mapping and building a community toward shaping sustainable futures of robot-assisted work, with and for workers. The program encompasses lightning keynotes from HRI experts, talks from selected participants bringing case studies, and a hands-on mapping activity for understanding the landscape of robotics innovation at work - in order to foster knowledge exchange and learning. The workshop culminates in a facilitated conversation with workers and managers from a particular case study, providing real-world insights into the challenges, complexities and opportunities for our HRI community in shaping the future of work. With this rich set of activities, the program aims to bridge the gap between academics and practitioners, and to promote a holistic understanding of our roles in shaping the future of work, with particular attention to systemic challenges and value-driven approaches. The workshop will conclude with a synthesis of key takeaways and potential directions for future research and community building.

Social robots have become increasingly prominent in the realm of physical activity promotion. However, the technological complexity and primarily anthropomorphic designs of these robots pose challenges for their application in everyday settings. This study positions spherical robots as an emerging subtype of social robots and explores their potential to promote physical activity at home by identifying useful behavioral design patterns. To this end, we engaged theater professionals and human-robot interaction researchers in a 4-day workshop, leveraging a speculative design methodology. A puppeteer controlling a robotic ball and two actors improvised human-robot encounters in a staged home setting. These encounters were analyzed to identify instances where the ball triggered physical activity. From this analysis, we extracted nine design patterns that articulate robot behaviors for initiating physical interaction. Additionally, our findings revealed that these patterns could be combined into complex sequences to sustain physical activities, which are experienced as meaningful when framed within a narrative. We discuss the contents of these patterns and their potential value for home-based healthcare applications. Our contribution lies in articulating the potential of spherical robots for promoting physical activity at home through design patterns informed by a performative approach to human-robot interaction.

In this article, we report on methodological insights gained from a workshop in which we collaborated with theater professionals to enact situated encounters between humans and robots on a mixed reality stage combining VR with real-life interaction. We deployed the skills of theater professionals to investigate the behaviors of humans encountering robots to speculate about the kind of interactions that may result from encountering robots in supermarket settings. The mixed reality stage made it possible to adapt the robot’s morphology quickly, as well as its movement and perceptual capacities, to investigate how this together co-determines possibilities for interaction. This setup allowed us to follow the interactions simultaneously from different perspectives, including the robot’s, which provided the basis for a collective phenomenological analysis of the interactions. Our work contributes to approaches to HRI that do not work toward identifying communicative behaviors that can be universally applied but instead work toward insights that can be used to develop HRI that is emergent, and situation- and robot-specific. Furthermore, it supports a more-than-human-design approach that takes the fundamental differences between humans and robots as a starting point for the creative development of new kinds of communication and interaction.

Using HRI theory to inform robot development is an important, but difficult, endeavor. This paper explores the relationship between HRI theory and HRI practice through a design project on the development of design guidelines for human-robot communication together with a dairy farming robot manufacturer. The design guidelines, a type of intermediate-level knowledge, were intended to enrich the specialized knowledge of the company on farming context with relevant academic knowledge. In this process, we identified that HRI theories were used as a frame, a tool, best practices, and a reference; while the HRI practice provided a context, a reference, and validation for the theories. Our intended contribution is to propose a means to facilitate exchanges both ways between HRI theory and practice and add to the emerging repertoire of designerly ways of producing knowledge in HRI.

Sensor networks are increasingly commonplace in visions of smart cities and future healthcare systems, promising greater efficiency and increased wellbeing. However, the design of these technologies remains focused on specific users and fragmented by context, overlooking the diversity of needs, wants and values present when technologies, people, and lived realities interact within instrumented spaces. In this paper we present a workshop method – Sensing Care – that can help researchers, interdisciplinary design and development teams, and potentially affected users, to explore what it takes to design for living with sensor technologies that intersect and interact across private and public spaces, through speculative scenarios and role play. Drawing from three deployments of the workshop, we discuss how this approach supports the design of future care-oriented sensor networks, and helps designers understand what it means to live with complex technologies as people traverse diverse contexts.

In the context of human-agent interaction, we see the emergence of computational artefacts that display hybridity because they can be experienced as tools and agents. In this paper we propose a tool-agent spectrum as an analytical lens that uses 'intention' as a central concept. This spectrum aims to clarify how a computational object can change from being conducive to the intentions of others ('tool') to appearing to have intentions of its own ('agent'), or vice versa. We have applied this analytical lens to unravel people's experiences in two hybrid cases; guide dogs as a living mobility aid for the visually impaired and an experimental wearable object named 'BagSight' as a rudimentary artificial counterpart. We compared both cases through the lens of a tool-agent spectrum and elaborate on these results by discussing some of the principles by which computational artefacts can shift across the spectrum. We conclude by discussing the limitations of this study and provide suggestions for future work.

In HCI there is an increasing trend to approach computing artifacts as agents. In this article, we make a case for “Objects with Intent” (OwI's) as an emerging type of agents that take advantage of the meaning of everyday things as the site for their intelligence and agency. After reviewing relevant existing research in HCI and related fields, we demonstrate how OwI's provide a new perspective on human–agent interaction. We then elaborate on how the notion of OwI's is informed by Dennett's theory of intentionality and Leontiev's Activity Theory. Thereafter, we illustrate the application of OwI's through the design case of Fizzy, a robotic ball used to stimulate hospitalized children to engage in physical play. We end by discussing the nature and merit of OwI's and reflecting more broadly on the challenges involved in designing OwI's.

This pictorial describes the process and rationale behind the design features of AscoltaMe (in Italian, "listen to me"). This is a computational object imbued with the intent to help families overcome the emotional barriers they may experience during a disruptive life event, as they attempt to maintain healthy communication. With a focus on the object's material qualities and temporal form, the pictorial introduces and visually outlines tactfulness as the fundamental characteristic that enables objects designed for sensitive settings to be intentful in ways that are appropriate and sensitive.

In early childhood, children develop motor skills that form the basis of their future physical activities. This development can stagnate when children face long-term hospitalization due to injury or disease. Most interventions to facilitate their physical development are built on exercise and structured play, and have ignored the value of spontaneous and unstructured play. For this reason, we introduce 'Playscapes' as a design perspective on young children's physical play. Playscapes is inspired by outdoor play, and accounts for three qualities: bodily play, dispersed play and free play. These qualities can help interaction designers to generate designs that help children playfully develop physical competence. The design perspective is used for developing two design interventions specifically for children with cancer. To point out the merits of Playscapes, the design interventions are compared with two exercise-based interventions. Finally, challenges and future steps are discussed for further developing Playscapes.

Beagle is a design concept aiming to improve the quality of life and the development of hospitalized adolescents (12-16) with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). During hospitalization CF patients are isolated to prevent cross infection of bacteria. They suffer from boredom, a decrease in social contact and a negatively affected physical activity level. Beagle is a concept that facilitates various forms of playful interaction for adolescents throughout the hospital, motivating them to become physically active within the boundaries of the hospital's installed segregation policy. A first explorative and qualitative study was conducted to see how adolescents experience and use Beagle.

In this paper we analyzed a case of designing for persuasive experiences. It concerns designing for the complex persuasive situation of helping parents of hospitalized children take better care of themselves. Our focus was on the experiences, on how these were designed to be persuasive, and on the design process needed to achieve that. We conclude that designing for complex persuasive experiences requires a design approach that allows for designers to gradually develop a rich understanding of the situation and develop empathy for the people they design for. We found that the persuasion should focus on a combination of starting a new practice, sustaining it, starting activities within the practice, and extending the duration of the activities. For such a complex persuasive situation a rich palette of experiences was needed. The design of those experiences was inspired by universal human needs and by gaining a deep and empathetic understanding of the situation.

A recent focus is on creating engaging user experiences with digital products and services such as voicemail. This study aims to design towards increased levels of engagement in voicemail browsing by using the ‘Richness, Control and Engagement’ (RC & E) framework. This framework explains the levels of engagement in terms of the levels of richness and control that are shaped by the features of a product and the user’s expertise. A product was developed that utilized gestures and sound to access digital voicemail contents. An experiment was conducted in which 28 participants interacted with the product while varying (1) the number of features of the user interface, (2) the amount of voicemail content and (3) the type of task. Results showed that the levels of engagement could be predicted according to the levels of richness and control experienced when a task-term was added to the framework. Implications of the refined RC & E framework for interaction design practice are discussed.