The development of Web applications should be supported by business professionals themselves since Web applications must be modified frequently based on their needs. In our recent studies with the three-tier architecture of user interface, business logic and database, the construction of the graphical user interface and the simple database system is supported by using application framework and visual modeling technologies. As for the business logic, however, it is rather difficult to support it by the same way because there are various kinds of business logic. This paper describes the classification of the business logic of Web applications with case studies. These results indicate that the classification of business logic is dependent on how the business logic is expressed. Then, for end-user-initiative development, the business logic should be expressed from the view of the service providers or the support systems instead of the view of the clients. Finally it is confirmed that the template based on the UI-driven approach is useful for requirement specifications of business logic.

The development of Web applications should be supported by business professionals themselves since Web applications must be modified frequently based on their needs. This paper describes end-user initiative application development. The abstract forms are considered as interfaces of services based on the simple concept that "one service = one form." Web service integration can be defined as form transformation from input forms into output forms.

The number of end-users using the Internet is increasing. End user initiated development of applications has become important for the automation of tasks. This paper describes a multi-agent framework for MOON (multiagent-oriented office network) systems, which are distributed and include window work in electronic commerce. Since window work is considered as a metaphor of the interface between Web service providers and requesters, this paper is focused on automatic filling in of forms by a user agent in collaboration with a broker agent, a key technology for electronic forms defined as HTML documents. A satisfactory success rate is achieved by using cognitive rules based on form layout. That is, the case rule of {IF #case THEN #action} is introduced. The #case is composed of the four attributes and their values based on cognitive information on the upper left, right and lower sides of the input field. The ontology of concept names is introduced for different expressions of the same meaning. Furthermore, by reasoning of similarity on incomplete matching of the case parts of rules, the success rate of automatic filling is greatly improved. The success rate is improved further to 100% by using experiential rules of other users, which the broker agent collects.

The explosive increase in end-user computing on distributed systems requires that end users develop application software by themselves. One solution is given as the formula "a domain model /spl equiv/ a computation model", which implies that one task in cooperative work corresponds to one object in an object-oriented model. The application development environment M-base supports this formula. The application architecture is fixed and is composed of a model, a user interface (UI) and components. At the first stage, the system behavior is expressed as a message-driven model by using a modeling tool while focusing on message flow and components. At the second stage, a UI is generated automatically and may be customized if necessary. Then transition diagrams of UIs are generated automatically and used for confirmation of external specifications of the application. Finally, the system behavior is verified by using a simulation tool. This component-based development process is confirmed by a feasibility study on a given problem of the IPSJ sigRE group.

The number of end users using the Internet increases on the inside and outside of offices. End user-initiative development of applications has become important for automation of their own tasks. For a solution based on the philosophy: "All routine work both at office and at home should be carried out by computers", the paper describes a multi-agent framework and an agent communication language (ACL) for the MOON (multi-agent-oriented office network) systems which are distributed systems including window work in B-to-C and B-to-B electronic commerce. The multi-agent framework is a Java application framework and includes a form based ACL (FACL) as a common protocol for passing application forms and the three kinds of agents working at: client terminals, server-at-windows and the MOON servers respectively. FACL has a very simple message structure (who, what, how, which) because FACL was designed based on the simple concept that "one service=one form". FACL is used primarily for window task sending or receiving written forms between a client agent and a domain expert agent. In addition, broker agents and mobile agents of MOON servers participate in these communications for directory, services and form delivery services. FACL brings high interoperability among distributed application systems based on agent technologies, and promotes end users themselves developing their agents by teaching agents what to do.

The number of endusers using the Internet increases on the inside and outside of offices. Enduser-initiative development of applications has become important for automation of their own tasks. As the solution by software reuse technology, the paper describes a Java based application framework of distributed systems such as the MOON (multi organizational office network) systems for window work in banks, city offices mail order companies, etc. based on the philosophy: "all routine work both at office and at home should be carried out by computers." The application framework includes a common protocol for application forms and is composed of subframeworks corresponding to the three kinds of parts of client terminals, server-at-windows and the MOON servers. With respect to the problem of how to customize the application framework in the way of enduser-initiative development, two types of customization are given, namely, plug-in components and property definitions. Then domain experts can computerize their routine work by themselves. Our feasibility study confirms that the frozen spots and the hot spots in the framework work account for 90% and 10% of the total Java source programs respectively. Furthermore, use of the application framework including a common communication protocol between clients and servers, brings high interoperability among distributed application systems.

An explosive increase in end user computing on distributed systems requires that end users develop application software by themselves. One solution is given as a formula of "a domain model/spl equiv/a computation model." This formula implies that one task in a domain model of cooperative work corresponds to one object in a computation model based on an object oriented model. The application development environment, M-base, supports this formula for cooperative systems such as groupware and workflow systems. At the first stage, the system behavior at a macro level is expressed by using a modeling and simulation tool for constructing a message driven model while focusing on message flow and componentware. At the second stage, a source program in a script language is generated automatically from the message driven model. Furthermore, if necessary, static structure and detailed specifications of objects are expressed in the script language. Communication among objects is performed by a set of messages instead of a message, for implementation of flexible workflow.

Explosive increase in end-user computing on distributed systems requires that end-users develop application software by themselves. One solution is given as a formula of "a domain model/spl equiv/a computation model". This formula implies that one task in a domain model of cooperative work corresponds to one object in a computation model based on an object-oriented model. Application development environment, M-base, supports this formula for cooperative systems such as groupware and work flow systems. At the first stage, the system behavior at a macro level is expressed by using a modeling and simulation tool for constructing a message-driven model while focusing on message flow. At the second stage, static structure and detailed specifications of objects are expressed in a script language. Communication among objects is performed by a set of messages instead of a message, for implementation of flexible work flow.

A new coverage measure is proposed for efficient and effective software testing. The conventional coverage measure for branch testing has such defects as overestimation of software quality and redundant test data selection because all branches are treated equally. These problems can be avoided by paying attention to only those branches essential for path testing. That is, if one branch is executed whenever another particular branch is executed, the former branch is nonessential for path testing. This is because a path covering the latter branch also covers the former branch. Branches other than such nonessential branches will be referred to as essential branches.

Previous works on paging behavior have mainly concentrated on procedures, not on data. This paper is an attempt to clarify the paging behavior of data referenced by a newly developed language processor, and theoretically analyze the performance of several page replacement algorithms with no loss of generality.