Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits, and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human–machine interaction (HMI) applications, including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays, and healthcare. In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures, and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision, and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate, and the input/output interfacing modules. Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for HMI. Moreover, based on our analysis of the state-of-the-art, we develop guidelines for the future design of a self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors, and communications modules. Therefore, our review is a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses.

Research into indicators that guide the selection of students for admission into Engineering degree programs is important in terms of identifying those students who are most likely to be successful and to tune these indicators to maximise the potential of all students entering universities to study engineering. In this paper we consider the impact that diversity of prior (secondary/high school) academic experience can have on the outcomes achieved by students in engineering degree programs. Whilst there is some research into this aspect in other disciplines, such as health sciences by Shulruf et al. [1], this has yet to receive appropriate attention by Engineering. We report on an analysis of the academic performance of approximately 3700 engineering students, comparing their performance in a range of subject areas (including mathematical and science foundations, advanced technical subjects, and broader professionally-focused subjects) and how this performance correlates with the breadth of their previous (secondary school) subject choices and student performances. This breadth is assessed using Schafer's measure of dispersion in categorical data [2] and secondary school subjects are categorized using the New South Wales Board of Studies subject clusters [3]. The results show a significant difference due to the greater dispersion in subject choice for students with different levels of previous academic performance at secondary schools. For students with lower secondary school performance results, an increase in diversity of secondary school subject choices leads to poorer performance in their Engineering degree programs. Conversely, for students with relatively strong secondary school performance results an increase in diversity of secondary school subject choices leads to higher performance in their Engineering degree programs. This may suggest that higher performing students benefit from broader challenges, whereas lower performing students benefit from remaining relatively narrowly focused in their secondary school studies.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day-Night Band (DNB) onboard the Suomi-National Polar Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite measures broadband visible radiances providing imagery of clouds and other Earth features over illumination levels spanning 7 orders of magnitude, ranging from quarter moon to full sunlight (3e-5 to 200 W/m2/sr). Due to its original purpose to provide imagery rather than radiometric products as well as this extensive radiance range, the DNB calibration requirements are less restrictive as compared to the other 21 VIIRS bands. Over time the importance of the DNB data product imagery has engendered efforts to improve the calibration stability of the DNB over its mission. This paper discusses The Aerospace Corporation's support of the DNB calibration over the S-NPP mission.

This paper investigates the C/I gain of a Single Frequency Network for an MBSFN network using TDCDMA over an equivalent unicast network based on measurements from a trial network and simulations. It is shown that a cell edge C/I gain of 14.4 dB can be achieved in the trial network giving an increase of 59% in coverage by using a SFN over a unicast network.

This paper presents some of the first published results of real UTRA TDD and FDD equipment performance in respect of co-siting. The relevant 3GPP specifications are examined in detail to see whether they guarantee co-existence and if not whether they are exceeded in practice. In conclusion, the paper shows that the necessary performance to facilitate co-existence, co-siting and indeed antenna sharing has already been achieved in practice. These results not only have implications on the coexistence discussions for new spectrum allocations for 3G, such as the IMT-2000 extension band, but also on new standards for these bands.

If sensitive information is to be included in a shared Web, access controls will be required. However, the complex software needed to provide a Web service is prone to failure. To provide access control without relying on such software, encryption can be used. Bob is a prototype system that supports complex access control expressions through the transparent use of encryption.

In this paper we present an evaluation of Angel, a single address space operating system, originally designed in 1992, which has been developed over the past few years. The purpose of this work was to examine how we could simplify the kernel and service structure using the single address space as the enabling technology. We believe that in so doing, we could achieve far better performance and simpler extensibility compared to other micro-kernel architectures. We recently completed a prototype system based around the PC/486 architecture which has allowed us to evaluate our claims and postulations. An initial analysis of this prototype has been performed to examine the system's structure and performance characteristics. This demonstrates an architecture which is more flexible, faster and smaller than monolithic operating systems.

We present design details and some initial performance results of a novel scalable shared memory multiprocessor architecture. This architecture features the automatic data migration and replication capabilities of cache-only memory architecture (COMA) machines, without the accompanying hardware complexity. A software layer manages cache space allocation at a page-granularity-similarly to distributed virtual shared memory (DVSM) systems, leaving simpler hardware to maintain shared memory coherence at a cache line granularity. By reducing the hardware complexity, the machine cost and development time are reduced. We call the resulting hybrid hardware and software multiprocessor architecture Simple COMA. Preliminary results indicate that the performance of Simple COMA is comparable to that of more complex contemporary all hardware designs.>